Physical science
, MATTER + MATERIALS : CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
MATTER: SUBSTANCE → matter that has a CONSTANT composition +
→ Anything that occupies space and has mass particular properties [eg. water, table salt etc.]
MATERIAL: 3 categories : ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS and MIXTURES
→ Substances composed of matter
MIXTURES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS MIXTURE:
Z Strength / ability to resist force → combination of two or more pure substances, where these
Z Thermal conductivity [heat conduction] → Metals conduct heat substances are not bound (or connected) together [each
and are thermal (heat) conductors. Non-metals such as → does not substance in the mixture still retains its own special properties
conduct heat well = thermal (heat) insulators BUT the composition can vary]
Z Electrical conductivity → Metals are good electrical conductors.
Materials that cannot conduct an electric current are called an HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
electrical insulator
Z Brittleness → Brittle materials break easily when bumped hard. MIXTURE [HOMOGENEOUS]:
Earthenware and cast iron are examples of brittle materials. → composition is uniform (is the same throughout) and the
Z Crushable / Spreadable → hammered or rolled into different different components of the mixture cannot be seen
shapes OTHER NAME = “solution”
Z Stretchable → to thin wires > Copper = copper wire
Z Magnetic or non-magnetic → magnetic field or not and certain Z Solute > substance that dissolves in the solvent
metals attract or not [ability to be attracted by a magnet] Z Solvent > largest amount
Z Density → mass per unit volume of an object E.G. :
Z Chemical properties → melting & boiling points [how the material
Z GAS SOLUTIONS [gases always mix COMPLETELY with each other]
reacts with other substances. Will it burn? Will it rust? Will it react Z LIQUID SOLUTIONS [eg. coffee]
with water, or with an acid?] Z SOLID SOLUTIONS [e.g. metal alloys]
2© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Physical Sciences] CHEMISTRY www.notedsummaries.co.za
,EXAMPLES [HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES] SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
PHASES COMPONENTS EXAMPLE
→ separate mixtures using physical methods > separate into pure
Gas in gas Oxygen in nitrogen Air
components WITHOUT changing the properties of the substances
Liquid in gas Water vapor in air Damp air
Gas in liquid Carbon dioxide in water Soda water
Liquid in liquid
Solid in liquid
Alcohol in water
Salt / sugar in water
Wine
Pickle
PURE SUBSTANCES
Liquid into solid Mercury in silver Mercury PURE SUBSTANCE / COMPONENT → substance that cannot be
amalgam broken down into simpler components by physical methods / A
Solid in solid Copper and zinc Brass single substance that is not mixed with anything else and all the
particles are exactly the same [CONSISTS OF ONE TYPE OF
SUBSTANCE: ELEMENT / COMPOUND]
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
ELEMENTS
MIXTURE [HETEROGENEOUS]:
→ Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
→ the composition is not uniform (not the same throughout)
substances by chemical methods [ONE KIND OF ATOM]
and the different components of the mixture can be seen
→ combination of substances that cannot dissolve in each other COMPOUNDS
→ substance consisting of two or more different atoms and which
are chemically bonded together into a single substance [chemical
MIXTURE COMPONENTS EXAMPLE methods = separate into simpler substances]
Suspension Solid cement in water Cement slurry
Emulsion Oil in vinegar Salad dressing ELEMENTS COMPOUND MIXTURE
ONE kind of atom Composition is CONSTANT Composition = difference
Gel Liquid trapped in a solid Fruit jelly
& consisting of 2 / more
Aerosol (mist) Liquid in gas Spray paint elements & compounds
Smoke Solid in gas Smoke Properties are UNIQUE Properties DIFFERENT Properties = same as of
Foam Gas trapped in liquid Shaving foam from the properties of constituent substances
the constituent elements
Foam solid Gas trapped in solid Foam rubber Components cannot be Components separated Components separated
separated [physically / with CHEMICAL methods with PHYSICAL methods
chemical]
3© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Physical Sciences] CHEMISTRY www.notedsummaries.co.za
, CRITERIA FOR PURITY COMPOUNDS
3 METHODS : Atoms of elements = react with each other / other atoms of other
1. MEASURE MELTING POINT elements to form BONDS
Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid COMPOUNDS: pure substances composed of 2 OR MORE types of
elements in fixed proportions
2. MEASURE BOILING POINT
EACH COMPOUND HAS ITS OWN FORMULA:
Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
Z Show types of elements in the compound
3. CHECK OF CHROMATOGRAM
Z Number of atoms of each element in the compound
→ process where substances are separated into their various
CARBON DIOXIDE
components
Co
PURE SUBSTANCE = 1 SPOT ON CHROMATOGRAM 1 x Carbon atom
2 x Oxygen atoms
ELEMENTS
WATER
ELEMENT = very basic substance that materials are made of
HO
ATOM= smallest particle that retains the chemical properties of an 2 x hydrogen atoms
element 1 x oxygen atom
ALL ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT ARE THE SAME KIND
AMMONIA
ATOMS OF A SPECIFIC ELEMENT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
NH
SIMPLE ATOMS BY CHEMICAL METHODS
1 x nitrogen atom
Names of elements = set of symbols with one or 2 letters 3 x hydrogen atoms
4© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Physical Sciences] CHEMISTRY www.notedsummaries.co.za
, MATTER + MATERIALS : CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
MATTER: SUBSTANCE → matter that has a CONSTANT composition +
→ Anything that occupies space and has mass particular properties [eg. water, table salt etc.]
MATERIAL: 3 categories : ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS and MIXTURES
→ Substances composed of matter
MIXTURES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS MIXTURE:
Z Strength / ability to resist force → combination of two or more pure substances, where these
Z Thermal conductivity [heat conduction] → Metals conduct heat substances are not bound (or connected) together [each
and are thermal (heat) conductors. Non-metals such as → does not substance in the mixture still retains its own special properties
conduct heat well = thermal (heat) insulators BUT the composition can vary]
Z Electrical conductivity → Metals are good electrical conductors.
Materials that cannot conduct an electric current are called an HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
electrical insulator
Z Brittleness → Brittle materials break easily when bumped hard. MIXTURE [HOMOGENEOUS]:
Earthenware and cast iron are examples of brittle materials. → composition is uniform (is the same throughout) and the
Z Crushable / Spreadable → hammered or rolled into different different components of the mixture cannot be seen
shapes OTHER NAME = “solution”
Z Stretchable → to thin wires > Copper = copper wire
Z Magnetic or non-magnetic → magnetic field or not and certain Z Solute > substance that dissolves in the solvent
metals attract or not [ability to be attracted by a magnet] Z Solvent > largest amount
Z Density → mass per unit volume of an object E.G. :
Z Chemical properties → melting & boiling points [how the material
Z GAS SOLUTIONS [gases always mix COMPLETELY with each other]
reacts with other substances. Will it burn? Will it rust? Will it react Z LIQUID SOLUTIONS [eg. coffee]
with water, or with an acid?] Z SOLID SOLUTIONS [e.g. metal alloys]
2© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Physical Sciences] CHEMISTRY www.notedsummaries.co.za
,EXAMPLES [HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES] SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
PHASES COMPONENTS EXAMPLE
→ separate mixtures using physical methods > separate into pure
Gas in gas Oxygen in nitrogen Air
components WITHOUT changing the properties of the substances
Liquid in gas Water vapor in air Damp air
Gas in liquid Carbon dioxide in water Soda water
Liquid in liquid
Solid in liquid
Alcohol in water
Salt / sugar in water
Wine
Pickle
PURE SUBSTANCES
Liquid into solid Mercury in silver Mercury PURE SUBSTANCE / COMPONENT → substance that cannot be
amalgam broken down into simpler components by physical methods / A
Solid in solid Copper and zinc Brass single substance that is not mixed with anything else and all the
particles are exactly the same [CONSISTS OF ONE TYPE OF
SUBSTANCE: ELEMENT / COMPOUND]
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
ELEMENTS
MIXTURE [HETEROGENEOUS]:
→ Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
→ the composition is not uniform (not the same throughout)
substances by chemical methods [ONE KIND OF ATOM]
and the different components of the mixture can be seen
→ combination of substances that cannot dissolve in each other COMPOUNDS
→ substance consisting of two or more different atoms and which
are chemically bonded together into a single substance [chemical
MIXTURE COMPONENTS EXAMPLE methods = separate into simpler substances]
Suspension Solid cement in water Cement slurry
Emulsion Oil in vinegar Salad dressing ELEMENTS COMPOUND MIXTURE
ONE kind of atom Composition is CONSTANT Composition = difference
Gel Liquid trapped in a solid Fruit jelly
& consisting of 2 / more
Aerosol (mist) Liquid in gas Spray paint elements & compounds
Smoke Solid in gas Smoke Properties are UNIQUE Properties DIFFERENT Properties = same as of
Foam Gas trapped in liquid Shaving foam from the properties of constituent substances
the constituent elements
Foam solid Gas trapped in solid Foam rubber Components cannot be Components separated Components separated
separated [physically / with CHEMICAL methods with PHYSICAL methods
chemical]
3© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Physical Sciences] CHEMISTRY www.notedsummaries.co.za
, CRITERIA FOR PURITY COMPOUNDS
3 METHODS : Atoms of elements = react with each other / other atoms of other
1. MEASURE MELTING POINT elements to form BONDS
Temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid COMPOUNDS: pure substances composed of 2 OR MORE types of
elements in fixed proportions
2. MEASURE BOILING POINT
EACH COMPOUND HAS ITS OWN FORMULA:
Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
Z Show types of elements in the compound
3. CHECK OF CHROMATOGRAM
Z Number of atoms of each element in the compound
→ process where substances are separated into their various
CARBON DIOXIDE
components
Co
PURE SUBSTANCE = 1 SPOT ON CHROMATOGRAM 1 x Carbon atom
2 x Oxygen atoms
ELEMENTS
WATER
ELEMENT = very basic substance that materials are made of
HO
ATOM= smallest particle that retains the chemical properties of an 2 x hydrogen atoms
element 1 x oxygen atom
ALL ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT ARE THE SAME KIND
AMMONIA
ATOMS OF A SPECIFIC ELEMENT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
NH
SIMPLE ATOMS BY CHEMICAL METHODS
1 x nitrogen atom
Names of elements = set of symbols with one or 2 letters 3 x hydrogen atoms
4© Noted Summaries [Grade 10 Physical Sciences] CHEMISTRY www.notedsummaries.co.za
