SHRM-CP Terms Questions and Answers 2023, Graded A+

SHRM-CP Terms Questions and Answers 2023, Graded A+ ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA) Amendments to Americans with Disabilities Act covering the definition of individuals regarded as having a disability, mitigating measures, and other rules of construction to guide the analysis of what constitutes a disability. ADDIE model Five-step instructional design process that governs the development of learning programs. Adverse impact Type of discrimination that results when a neutral policy has a discriminatory effect; also known as disparate impact. Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) Act that prohibits discrimination in employment for persons age 40 and over. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) Umbrella term used to describe a number of problem-solving and grievance resolution approaches. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Act that prohibits discrimination against a qualified individual with a disability because of his/her disability. Analytics Tools that convert metrics to be used for decision support by adding context or further subclassifying comparison groups. Andragogy Study of how adults learn. Applicant tracking software (ATS) Software that provides an automated way for organizations to manage the recruiting process. Apprenticeship Relates to technical skills training; often a partnership between employers and unions. Arbitration Procedure in which disputes are submitted to one or more impartial persons for final determination. Assessment centers Assessment tools that provide candidates a wide range of leadership situations and problem-solving exercises. Assignees Employees who work outside their home countries. At-will employment Common-law principle stating that employers have the right to hire, fire, demote, and promote whomever they choose for any reason unless there is a law or contract to the contrary and employees have the right to quit a job at any time. Auditory learners People who learn best by relying on their sense of hearing. Balanced scorecard Measurement approach that provides an overall picture of an organization's performance as measured against goals in finance, customers, internal business processes, and learning and growth. Balance sheet Statement that reports the financial position of the organization at a specific point in time; shows assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity. Behavioral interview Type of interview that focuses on how applicants previously handled real situations. Benchmarking Process that compares performance levels and/or processes of one entity with those of another to identify performance gaps and set goals aimed at improving performance. Benefits Payments or services provided to employees to cover issues such as retirement, health coverage, sick pay/disability schemes, life insurance, and paid time off. Bias Occurs when an appraiser's values, beliefs, or prejudices distort performance ratings. Big data High-volume, high-velocity, and high-variety information assets that require innovative forms of information processing for enhanced insight and decision making. Blended learning Planned approach to learning that includes a combination of instructor-led training, self-directed study, and/or on-the-job training. Blogs Broadcast-style communications that enable authors to publish articles, opinions, product or service reviews, etc., on a web page. Blue ocean strategies Strategies that create competitive advantage by creating a new marketplace arena in which there are no other competitors. Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) Situation in which religion, sex, or national origin is reasonably necessary to carrying out a particular job function in the normal operations of an organization. Brain drain Exit of educated and skilled citizens from emerging and developing countries for better-paying jobs in developed countries. Broadbanding Combining several salary grades or job classifications with narrow pay ranges into one band with a wider salary spread. Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth Court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment action and supervisor harassment that does not. Business Acumen The ability to understand and apply information with which to contribute to the organization's strategic plan. Business case Presentation to management that establishes that a specific problem exists and argues that the proposed solution is the best way to solve the problem in terms of time, cost efficiency, and probability of success. Business intelligence Ability to gather and analyze data from inside and outside the organization so that information is available for decision makers. Career development Process by which employees progress through a series of stages in their careers, each of which is characterized by relatively unique issues, themes, and tasks. Career management Preparing, implementing, and monitoring employees' career paths, with a primary focus on the goals and needs of the organization. Career planning Actions and activities that individuals perform in order to give direction to their work lives. Cash flows statement Statement that shows incoming and outgoing cash in the areas of operations, investments, and financing and remaining cash reserves; reflects an organization's ability to meet its current and short-term obligations. Cause-and-effect diagram Diagram that maps out a list of factors that are thought to affect a problem or a desired outcome. Center of excellence (COE) HR structural alternative established as an independent department that provides services within a focused area to internal clients. Central tendency error Error that occurs when an appraiser rates all employees within a narrow range, regardless of differences in actual performance. Chain of command Line of authority within an organization. Check sheets Simple visual tools used to collect and analyze data. Civil law Legal system based on written codes (laws, rules, or regulations). Civil Rights Act of 1964 First comprehensive U.S. law making it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Civil Rights Act of 1991 Act that expands the possible damage awards available to victims of intentional discrimination to include compensatory and punitive damages; gives plaintiffs in cases of alleged discrimination the right to a jury trial. Cloud computing Style of computing in which scalable IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a service using Internet technologies. Code of conduct Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and behavior; also known as code of ethics. Codetermination Form of corporate governance that requires a typical management board and a supervisory board and that allows management and employees to participate in strategic decision making. Collective bargaining Process by which management and union representatives negotiate the employment conditions for a particular bargaining unit for a designated period of time. Collective bargaining agreement Agreement or contract negotiated through collective bargaining process. Common law Legal system in which each case is considered in terms of how it relates to legal decisions that have already been made; evolves through judicial decisions over time. Communication The ability to effectively exchange information with stakeholders. Comparable worth Concept that states that jobs requiring comparable skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions filled primarily by women should have the same job classification and salary as similar jobs filled by men. Compa-ratio Pay rate divided by the midpoint of the pay range. Compensation All financial returns (beyond any benefits payments or services), including salary and allowances. Competencies Clusters of highly interrelated attributes, including knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) that give rise to the behaviors needed to perform a given job effectively. Competency-based interview Type of interview in which interviewer asks questions related to competencies for the position and asks candidates to provide examples of times they demonstrated the competencies. Compliance program System for ensuring that policies and procedures addressing issues identified in the code of conduct are presented to and understood and acted on by everyone in the organization and for evaluating the results of those efforts. Conciliation Method of nonbinding dispute resolution involving a third party who tries to help disputing parties reach a mutually agreeable decision; also known as mediation. Conflict of interest Situation in which a person or organization has the potential to be influenced by two opposing sets of incentives. Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) Act that provides individuals and dependents who may lose medical coverage with opportunity to pay to continue coverage. Constructive discipline Form of corrective discipline that implements increasingly severe penalties for employees; also called progressive discipline. Consultation The ability to provide guidance to organizational stakeholders. Contingency plan Protocol that an organization implements to respond to an unplanned but identified risk event. Contrast effect Error that occurs when strong candidates who interview after weak ones appear even more qualified than they actually are because of the contrast. Contrast error Error that occurs when an employee's rating is based on how his or her performance compares to that of another employee rather than objective standards. Control chart Chart that illustrates variations from normal in a situation over time. Core competencies Skills, knowledge, and abilities that employees must possess in order to successfully perform job functions that are essential to business operations. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) Recognition of the impact a corporation has on the lives of its stakeholders (including shareholders, employees, communities, customers, and suppliers) and the environment; can include corporate governance, corporate philanthropy, sustainability, and employee rights and workplace safety. Cosourcing Arrangement in which an enterprise and a vendor share different tasks within a larger complex, often strategic responsibility. Cost-benefit analysis Ratio of value created to cost of creating that value; allows management to determine the financial impact particular activities and programs have on an organization's profitability. Cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) Periodic compensation payment given to eligible employees regardless of their performance or organizational profitability; usually linked to inflation. Critical evaluation The ability to interpret information with which to make business decisions and recommendations. Critical path Describes the shortest amount of time required to complete a project, taking into account all project task relationships—for example, whether task C must be completed before Task E, and whether Tasks A and B can be completed at the same time. Cultural noise Failure to recognize responses of a candidate that are socially acceptable rather than factual. Cultural relativism Concept that argues that ethical behavior is determined by local culture, laws, and business practices.