APES: Cell Biology
Structure and Function of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Classification in Biology
Prokaryotes – domain bacteria + archaea
Eukaryotes – domain eukarya
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Plasma membrane Plasma membrane
No nucleus Nucleus
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
No true organelles Organelles
e.g., bacteria cells e.g., all human cells
, APES: Cell Biology
Small size is efficient (the larger a cell gets, more likely it is that its growth and metabolism
will be limited by its ability to supply itself across the plasma membrane; the less likely it can
obtain raw materials and get rid of waste)
Surface area of the cell increased by the presence of microvilli
*TABLE SHOWING FUNCTIONS OF ORGANELLES IN EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid made up of cytosol, filaments,
proteins, ions, organelles and macromolecular
structures.
Cytosol Liquid matrix around the membrane-bound
organelles. Contains proteins, amino acids,
mRNA, ribosomes, sugars, ions and messenger
molecules
Nucleus Contains genetic information and controls all
activities of the cell.
Double-layered nuclear membrane, nuclear
pores, chromatin + nucleolus.
Nucleolus Components of ribosomes are synthesised.
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis. Free ribosomes
synthesise proteins for immediate use and
bound ribosomes synthesise protein that will
be transported to other organelles or exported
from the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Highly folded membranous network.
Rough ER Has ribosomes on surface. Manufactures
proteins that will be secreted.
Smooth ER No ribosomes on surface. Synthesises lipids,
including some hormones. Packages proteins
and lipids for delivery to Golgi apparatus.
Golgi apparatus Refines synthesised products and products are
packaged into vesicles and transported to
other locations within the cell OR to the cell
membrane for export.
Vesicles 1. Secretory (contains products destined for
export from the cell)
2. Endocytic (contains substances imported
from the external environment)
3. Peroxisomes (contains enzymes that detoxify
waste produced by the cell)
4. Lysosomes (contains digestive enzymes)
Mitochondria Number of mitochondria in each cell vary with
the cell’s energy requirement. Has a double
membrane and the inner membrane is highly
folded.
Site of cellular respiration and generates ATP.
Utilises oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
*other cells store raw energy as lipids; other
cells such as muscle cells store energy as
glycogen (produces ATP more quickly)
Structure and Function of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Classification in Biology
Prokaryotes – domain bacteria + archaea
Eukaryotes – domain eukarya
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
Plasma membrane Plasma membrane
No nucleus Nucleus
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
No true organelles Organelles
e.g., bacteria cells e.g., all human cells
, APES: Cell Biology
Small size is efficient (the larger a cell gets, more likely it is that its growth and metabolism
will be limited by its ability to supply itself across the plasma membrane; the less likely it can
obtain raw materials and get rid of waste)
Surface area of the cell increased by the presence of microvilli
*TABLE SHOWING FUNCTIONS OF ORGANELLES IN EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cytoplasm Jelly-like fluid made up of cytosol, filaments,
proteins, ions, organelles and macromolecular
structures.
Cytosol Liquid matrix around the membrane-bound
organelles. Contains proteins, amino acids,
mRNA, ribosomes, sugars, ions and messenger
molecules
Nucleus Contains genetic information and controls all
activities of the cell.
Double-layered nuclear membrane, nuclear
pores, chromatin + nucleolus.
Nucleolus Components of ribosomes are synthesised.
Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis. Free ribosomes
synthesise proteins for immediate use and
bound ribosomes synthesise protein that will
be transported to other organelles or exported
from the cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Highly folded membranous network.
Rough ER Has ribosomes on surface. Manufactures
proteins that will be secreted.
Smooth ER No ribosomes on surface. Synthesises lipids,
including some hormones. Packages proteins
and lipids for delivery to Golgi apparatus.
Golgi apparatus Refines synthesised products and products are
packaged into vesicles and transported to
other locations within the cell OR to the cell
membrane for export.
Vesicles 1. Secretory (contains products destined for
export from the cell)
2. Endocytic (contains substances imported
from the external environment)
3. Peroxisomes (contains enzymes that detoxify
waste produced by the cell)
4. Lysosomes (contains digestive enzymes)
Mitochondria Number of mitochondria in each cell vary with
the cell’s energy requirement. Has a double
membrane and the inner membrane is highly
folded.
Site of cellular respiration and generates ATP.
Utilises oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
*other cells store raw energy as lipids; other
cells such as muscle cells store energy as
glycogen (produces ATP more quickly)
