Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 – meta-theories .................................................................................................................. 4
What is development? ........................................................................................................................ 4
Hoorcollege – 6-2-2023 – ontwikkelingspsychologie ........................................................................... 10
Werkgroep 1 – 6-2-2023 ....................................................................................................................... 14
Hoofdstuk 2 – research methods .......................................................................................................... 16
How do we learn how to promote development? ........................................................................... 16
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Lifespan developmental research methodologies ............................................................................ 17
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Descriptive and explanatory designs ................................................................................................ 20
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Hoorcollege – 9-2-2023 – theorie en methode .................................................................................... 31
Hoorcollege – 13-2-2023 – human development – beginnings (vroegkinderlijke en prenatale
ontwikkeling)......................................................................................................................................... 35
Werkgroep 2 – 13-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 41
Hoorcollege – 16-2-2023 – evolutionary developmental psychology .................................................. 43
Hoofdstuk 3 (vanaf blz. 93) – infancy.................................................................................................... 47
Attachment ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Temperament ................................................................................................................................... 48
Language and cognition .................................................................................................................... 49
Hoofdstuk 4 – family ............................................................................................................................. 54
Parenting ........................................................................................................................................... 54
Parenting and families: creating supportive higher order contexts ................................................. 54
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Divorce .............................................................................................................................................. 56
Maltreatment, Adversity, and Resilience ......................................................................................... 57
Hoofdstuk 5 – early childhood .............................................................................................................. 59
Self-regulation................................................................................................................................... 59
Cognitive development ..................................................................................................................... 60
Hoorcollege – 20-2-2023 – infancy en early childhood: de basis ......................................................... 64
Werkgroep 3 – 20-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 72
Hoorcollege – 23-2-2023 – infancy en early childhood: cognitieve en conceptuele ontwikkeling ...... 73
1
,Hoorcollege – 27-2-2023 - infancy en childhood: sociale ontwikkeling, sociale cognitie en
communicatie ....................................................................................................................................... 77
Hoofdstuk 6 – middle childhood ........................................................................................................... 81
Play and peers ................................................................................................................................... 81
Cognitive development ..................................................................................................................... 83
Moral development .......................................................................................................................... 84
Gender development ........................................................................................................................ 87
Hoorcollege – 2-3-2023 - infancy en childhood: sociale ontwikkeling ................................................. 92
Hoorcollege – 6-3-2023 - midden kindertijd (basisschool) ................................................................... 96
Hoofdstuk 7 – adolescence ................................................................................................................. 103
Intelligence, Education, and Motivational Development ............................................................... 103
Development of Self-Understanding .......................................................................................... 103
Theories of Intelligence............................................................................................................... 103
Education .................................................................................................................................... 104
The Development of Motivation: Mindsets ................................................................................ 105
Puberty and Cognition .................................................................................................................... 105
Physical Development in Adolescence........................................................................................ 105
Cognitive Development in Adolescence ..................................................................................... 106
Identity Development during Adolescence .................................................................................... 107
Social and Emotional Development during Adolescence ........................................................... 107
Hoorcollege – 9-3-2023 – adolescentie .............................................................................................. 112
Hoofdstuk 8 – early adulthood ........................................................................................................... 117
Emerging Adulthood and Cognition................................................................................................ 117
Emerging Adulthood ................................................................................................................... 117
Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood ................................................................................ 117
Vocational Development ................................................................................................................ 118
Family Life Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 119
Single Adulthood ......................................................................................................................... 120
Committed Relationships and Marriage ..................................................................................... 120
Parenthood ................................................................................................................................. 121
Family Life in Middle Adulthood ................................................................................................. 121
Committed Relationships in Middle Adulthood ......................................................................... 122
Grandparents .............................................................................................................................. 122
Family Caregivers ........................................................................................................................ 122
Friendships in Middle Adulthood ................................................................................................ 122
2
,Hoorcollege – 13-3-2023 – vroege volwassenheid – verwachtingen, identiteit en autonomie
ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................................................ 123
Hoofdstuk 9 – middle adulthood ........................................................................................................ 132
Middle Adulthood: Generativity, Intelligence, Personality ............................................................ 132
Developmental Task of Middle Age: Generativity versus Stagnation ........................................ 132
Challenges at Midlife................................................................................................................... 132
Intelligence in Middle Adulthood ............................................................................................... 132
Creativity ..................................................................................................................................... 133
Work and careers in middle adulthood ...................................................................................... 133
Personality .................................................................................................................................. 134
Hoofdstuk 10 – late adulthood ........................................................................................................... 135
Late Adulthood ............................................................................................................................... 135
Late Adulthood in America ......................................................................................................... 135
Psychosocial Development during Late Adulthood .................................................................... 135
Theories of Successful Aging ....................................................................................................... 135
Generativity in Late Adulthood ................................................................................................... 136
Late Adult Lifestyles .................................................................................................................... 136
Physical Development ................................................................................................................. 137
Cognition, Wisdom, and Spirituality ........................................................................................... 138
Death, Dying, and Bereavement ..................................................................................................... 140
Lifespan and Life Expectancy: Healthy Aging .............................................................................. 140
End-of-Life ................................................................................................................................... 142
Grief, Bereavement, and Mourning ............................................................................................ 143
Factors that Affect Grief and Bereavement ................................................................................ 143
Hoorcollege – 16-3-2023 - midden en late volwassenheid – wisselende rollen ................................ 144
Hoorcollege – 20-3-2023..................................................................................................................... 152
Werkgroep 4 – 20-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 153
Hoorcollege – 23-3-2023..................................................................................................................... 154
Hoorcollege – 27-3-2023..................................................................................................................... 155
3
, Hoofdstuk 1 – meta-theories
What is development?
Developmental science = examines changes and stability across multiple domains of psychological
and social functioning
Learning objectives: lifespan perspective
- Explain the lifespan perspective and its assumptions about development
- Differentiate periods of human development
- Identify key assumptions and major meta-theories underlying lifespan development
- Identify major historical and contemporary theories focusing on lifespan development
Paul Baltes identified several underlying principles of the lifespan perspective
- Development is lifelong
- Development is multidirectional and multidimensional
- Development includes both gains and losses
- Development is characterized by plasticity
- Development is embedded in historical and cultural contexts
- Development is multiply determined
- Development is multidisciplinary
Contextualism as paradigm: Baltes identified three specific developmental systems of influence, all
of which include biological and environmental forces.
- Normative age-graded influences
o Age-grade = a specific age group, such as toddler, adolescent, or senior
o Humans experience particular age-graded social experiences (for example: starting
school) and biological changes (for example: puberty).
- Normative history-graded influences
o The time period in which you are born shapes your experiences
o A cohort is a group of people who are born at roughly the same period in a
particular society
- Non-normative influences
o People’s development is also shaped by specific influences that are not organized by
age or historical time, such as immigration, accidents, or the death of a parent
Domains of development: we change across three general domains/dimensions
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Psychosocial
Contextual perspectives = highlight societal contexts that influence our development (for example:
the lifespan approach)
➔ Socioeconomic status (SES) is a way to identify families and households based on their
shared levels of education, income, and occupation
Poverty level = an income amount established by the federal government that is based on a set of
thresholds that vary by family size
4
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 – meta-theories .................................................................................................................. 4
What is development? ........................................................................................................................ 4
Hoorcollege – 6-2-2023 – ontwikkelingspsychologie ........................................................................... 10
Werkgroep 1 – 6-2-2023 ....................................................................................................................... 14
Hoofdstuk 2 – research methods .......................................................................................................... 16
How do we learn how to promote development? ........................................................................... 16
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Lifespan developmental research methodologies ............................................................................ 17
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Descriptive and explanatory designs ................................................................................................ 20
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Hoorcollege – 9-2-2023 – theorie en methode .................................................................................... 31
Hoorcollege – 13-2-2023 – human development – beginnings (vroegkinderlijke en prenatale
ontwikkeling)......................................................................................................................................... 35
Werkgroep 2 – 13-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 41
Hoorcollege – 16-2-2023 – evolutionary developmental psychology .................................................. 43
Hoofdstuk 3 (vanaf blz. 93) – infancy.................................................................................................... 47
Attachment ....................................................................................................................................... 47
Temperament ................................................................................................................................... 48
Language and cognition .................................................................................................................... 49
Hoofdstuk 4 – family ............................................................................................................................. 54
Parenting ........................................................................................................................................... 54
Parenting and families: creating supportive higher order contexts ................................................. 54
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Divorce .............................................................................................................................................. 56
Maltreatment, Adversity, and Resilience ......................................................................................... 57
Hoofdstuk 5 – early childhood .............................................................................................................. 59
Self-regulation................................................................................................................................... 59
Cognitive development ..................................................................................................................... 60
Hoorcollege – 20-2-2023 – infancy en early childhood: de basis ......................................................... 64
Werkgroep 3 – 20-2-2023 ..................................................................................................................... 72
Hoorcollege – 23-2-2023 – infancy en early childhood: cognitieve en conceptuele ontwikkeling ...... 73
1
,Hoorcollege – 27-2-2023 - infancy en childhood: sociale ontwikkeling, sociale cognitie en
communicatie ....................................................................................................................................... 77
Hoofdstuk 6 – middle childhood ........................................................................................................... 81
Play and peers ................................................................................................................................... 81
Cognitive development ..................................................................................................................... 83
Moral development .......................................................................................................................... 84
Gender development ........................................................................................................................ 87
Hoorcollege – 2-3-2023 - infancy en childhood: sociale ontwikkeling ................................................. 92
Hoorcollege – 6-3-2023 - midden kindertijd (basisschool) ................................................................... 96
Hoofdstuk 7 – adolescence ................................................................................................................. 103
Intelligence, Education, and Motivational Development ............................................................... 103
Development of Self-Understanding .......................................................................................... 103
Theories of Intelligence............................................................................................................... 103
Education .................................................................................................................................... 104
The Development of Motivation: Mindsets ................................................................................ 105
Puberty and Cognition .................................................................................................................... 105
Physical Development in Adolescence........................................................................................ 105
Cognitive Development in Adolescence ..................................................................................... 106
Identity Development during Adolescence .................................................................................... 107
Social and Emotional Development during Adolescence ........................................................... 107
Hoorcollege – 9-3-2023 – adolescentie .............................................................................................. 112
Hoofdstuk 8 – early adulthood ........................................................................................................... 117
Emerging Adulthood and Cognition................................................................................................ 117
Emerging Adulthood ................................................................................................................... 117
Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood ................................................................................ 117
Vocational Development ................................................................................................................ 118
Family Life Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 119
Single Adulthood ......................................................................................................................... 120
Committed Relationships and Marriage ..................................................................................... 120
Parenthood ................................................................................................................................. 121
Family Life in Middle Adulthood ................................................................................................. 121
Committed Relationships in Middle Adulthood ......................................................................... 122
Grandparents .............................................................................................................................. 122
Family Caregivers ........................................................................................................................ 122
Friendships in Middle Adulthood ................................................................................................ 122
2
,Hoorcollege – 13-3-2023 – vroege volwassenheid – verwachtingen, identiteit en autonomie
ontwikkeling ........................................................................................................................................ 123
Hoofdstuk 9 – middle adulthood ........................................................................................................ 132
Middle Adulthood: Generativity, Intelligence, Personality ............................................................ 132
Developmental Task of Middle Age: Generativity versus Stagnation ........................................ 132
Challenges at Midlife................................................................................................................... 132
Intelligence in Middle Adulthood ............................................................................................... 132
Creativity ..................................................................................................................................... 133
Work and careers in middle adulthood ...................................................................................... 133
Personality .................................................................................................................................. 134
Hoofdstuk 10 – late adulthood ........................................................................................................... 135
Late Adulthood ............................................................................................................................... 135
Late Adulthood in America ......................................................................................................... 135
Psychosocial Development during Late Adulthood .................................................................... 135
Theories of Successful Aging ....................................................................................................... 135
Generativity in Late Adulthood ................................................................................................... 136
Late Adult Lifestyles .................................................................................................................... 136
Physical Development ................................................................................................................. 137
Cognition, Wisdom, and Spirituality ........................................................................................... 138
Death, Dying, and Bereavement ..................................................................................................... 140
Lifespan and Life Expectancy: Healthy Aging .............................................................................. 140
End-of-Life ................................................................................................................................... 142
Grief, Bereavement, and Mourning ............................................................................................ 143
Factors that Affect Grief and Bereavement ................................................................................ 143
Hoorcollege – 16-3-2023 - midden en late volwassenheid – wisselende rollen ................................ 144
Hoorcollege – 20-3-2023..................................................................................................................... 152
Werkgroep 4 – 20-3-2023 ................................................................................................................... 153
Hoorcollege – 23-3-2023..................................................................................................................... 154
Hoorcollege – 27-3-2023..................................................................................................................... 155
3
, Hoofdstuk 1 – meta-theories
What is development?
Developmental science = examines changes and stability across multiple domains of psychological
and social functioning
Learning objectives: lifespan perspective
- Explain the lifespan perspective and its assumptions about development
- Differentiate periods of human development
- Identify key assumptions and major meta-theories underlying lifespan development
- Identify major historical and contemporary theories focusing on lifespan development
Paul Baltes identified several underlying principles of the lifespan perspective
- Development is lifelong
- Development is multidirectional and multidimensional
- Development includes both gains and losses
- Development is characterized by plasticity
- Development is embedded in historical and cultural contexts
- Development is multiply determined
- Development is multidisciplinary
Contextualism as paradigm: Baltes identified three specific developmental systems of influence, all
of which include biological and environmental forces.
- Normative age-graded influences
o Age-grade = a specific age group, such as toddler, adolescent, or senior
o Humans experience particular age-graded social experiences (for example: starting
school) and biological changes (for example: puberty).
- Normative history-graded influences
o The time period in which you are born shapes your experiences
o A cohort is a group of people who are born at roughly the same period in a
particular society
- Non-normative influences
o People’s development is also shaped by specific influences that are not organized by
age or historical time, such as immigration, accidents, or the death of a parent
Domains of development: we change across three general domains/dimensions
- Physical
- Cognitive
- Psychosocial
Contextual perspectives = highlight societal contexts that influence our development (for example:
the lifespan approach)
➔ Socioeconomic status (SES) is a way to identify families and households based on their
shared levels of education, income, and occupation
Poverty level = an income amount established by the federal government that is based on a set of
thresholds that vary by family size
4
