The document comprises of notes covering the climatology section of the matric geography syllabus. This includes simplified explanations of subtropical anticyclones, travelling disturbances, and microclimates, as well as key diagrams.
,Contents
South Indian High Pressure / South Atlantic High Pressure (Subtropical Anticyclones) ........ 2
Location / How it affects SA (seasonal shifts are a result of shift in ITCZ) ............................. 2
General characteristics of anticyclones: ................................................................................ 2
How Oceans affect Anticyclonic conditions: .......................................................................... 2
Travelling disturbances: ............................................................................................................ 4
1. Moisture Front (summer) ............................................................................................... 4
2. Coastal Low Pressure (anytime) ..................................................................................... 5
3. Cut-off low (anytime) ...................................................................................................... 6
4. Berg winds....................................................................................................................... 6
5. The Cape Doctor: ............................................................................................................ 7
Micro-Climates (experienced in small area where climate differs from surrounding area) .. 8
1. Valley Climate: ................................................................................................................ 8
Aspect ................................................................................................................................. 8
Anabatic / Katabatic winds ................................................................................................. 9
Inversion layer (Thermal Belt) .......................................................................................... 10
Frost Pocket ...................................................................................................................... 10
Radiation Fog .................................................................................................................... 11
2. Urban Climate: .............................................................................................................. 11
Urban vs Rural Climate ..................................................................................................... 11
Urban Heat Islands ........................................................................................................... 12
Pollution Domes ............................................................................................................... 13
Management strategies of Heat Islands / Pollution Domes ............................................ 14
1
,South Indian High Pressure / South Atlantic High Pressure (Subtropical
Anticyclones)
Location / How it affects SA (seasonal shifts are a result of shift in
ITCZ)
SAHP SIHP
Summer Strongly developed Moves further south
Blocks MLCs from reaching Warm/moist NE winds blow
south coast = cool dry into interior = summer
summers rainfall
Winter Weakens Moves further north
MLCs move north. Cold Warm/moist air trapped
fronts affect SA = cool wet under inversion layer = dry
conditions in SW parts of SA interior / wet east coast
General characteristics of anticyclones:
H – H.P
A – Anticlockwise rotation of air
S – Sinking air (cool + dry)
O – outwards (divergence)
How Oceans affect Anticyclonic conditions:
• Air blowing from the east over warm Agulhas current is warmer and can hold more
water vapor than cooler drier air blowing over cold Benguela current on the west.
• Therefore, east coast = more humid / warm
West coast = colder and dryer
NB:
Maritime climate:
• Impacted by both ocean + continent
• Small temperature range as a result of slow heating / cooling of the ocean
Continental:
• High temperature range due to rapid heating / cooling of the earth
2
, Kalahari High + How it affects Inversion Layer
Kalahari High:
• High pressure cell which intensifies over the interior of southern Africa (in winter).
• Caused by cold subsiding air that sits close to the land.
WINTER
• Kalahari high + SIHP are well developed
• Cool dry air descends on top of inversion layer (under influence of anticyclones)
• Thus, high pressure cells push down on inversion layer below escarpment
• Warm / moist air trapped and unable to reach interior = dry winters in interior / winter
rainfall on east coast
SUMMER
• Warmer / moist / unstable air rises creating a thermal low at the surface (replacing
Kalahari High)
• Kalahari High + SIHP weaken / displaced higher in atmosphere
• Allows inversion layer to rise above escarpment
• Warm / moist air is able to reach interior = summer rainfall over interior
3
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