Nurs 1140 - Pharmacology I Exam with 100% Correct Answers 2023.

Nurs 1140 - Pharmacology I Exam with 100% Correct Answers 2023. hematuria - Correct Answer-blood in the urine Dribbling - Correct Answer-leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination oliguria - Correct Answer-Decreased urine output nocturia - Correct Answer-excessive urination at night polyuria - Correct Answer-excessive urination hesitancy - Correct Answer-difficulty starting urination Frequency - Correct Answer-urinating often dysuria - Correct Answer-painful urination urgency - Correct Answer-sensation of the need to void immediately What does "PO" mean? - Correct Answer-by mouth Anticholinergics - Correct Answer-Reduce spasms and secretions of stomach Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics - Correct Answer-*Activation of cholinergic receptors causes parasympathetic reaction *Increased contraction of the bladder *copious urine Acetylcholine - Correct Answer-Neurotransmitter that is responsible for causing impulses in the parasympathetic nervous system. It binds to cholinergic receptors. parasympathetic nervous system - Correct Answer-rest and digest sympathetic nervous system - Correct Answer-fight or flight autonomic nervous system - Correct Answer-A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands. Peripherally Acting Opioid Antagonists - Correct Answer-Treatment of constipation related to opioid use and bowel resection therapy Block entrance of opioid into bowel Strict regulations for use Allow bowel to function normally with continued opioid use Stimulant laxatives - Correct Answer-stimulate the nerves that innervate the intestines, which results in increased peristalsis; also increase fluid in the colon, which increases bulk and softens the stool Saline Laxatives - Correct Answer-increase osmotic pressure within the intestinal tract: cause more water to enter the intestines results in: bowel distention, increased peristalsis, and evacuation Example: Fleets Enema, milk of magnesia Hyperosmotic laxatives - Correct Answer-increase fecal water content, which results in distension, increased peristalsis, and evacuation; site of action is limited to the large intestine Emollient laxatives - Correct Answer-Lubricants -oils or petrolatum that soften the feces for ease of passage Bulk forming laxatives - Correct Answer-Function similarly to dietary fiber: Swell with water to form a gel that softens and increases fecal mass Preferred temporary treatment of constipation Used for diverticulosis and irritable bowel syndrome Types of laxatives - Correct Answer-Osmotic (saline) Stimulant (irritants) Bulk-forming Emollient (stool softeners) Peripherally acting opioid antagonists Probiotics and intestinal flora modifiers - Correct Answer-replenish the guts normal bacterial flora, helps suppress the growth of bad "diarrhea causing" bacteria Opiates - Correct Answer-reduce the intestinal and rectal pain from diarrhea, increases absorption of fluids from intestines Absorbants (antidiarrheals) - Correct Answer-coat the wall of the GI tract, cause the bacteria/tosin to bind to the absorbant surface, cause harmful substance to leave the body Antidiarrheal Medication classes - Correct Answer-Absorbants Anticholinergics Opiates Probiotics and intestinal flora modifiers Peristalsis - Correct Answer-Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system. treatment for constipation - Correct Answer-At least 64oz of water a day bran, fresh fruit, veggies, beans, and whole grains Dietary fiber 20-25g daily Scheduled toilet times causes of diarrhea - Correct Answer-decreased fluid absorption - laxative abuse, mucosal damage (Chron's, radiation, colitis, ischemic bowel dis.) increased fluid secretion - infectious bacteria endotoxins, antibiotics, foods w/ sorbitol, hormonal, adenoma of pancreas motility disturbances - IBS, gastrectomy causes of constipation - Correct Answer-Occurs when stool or waste moves too slowly through the digestive tract (hard and dry), Diet, Medications, Blockages; bowel obstruction, colon cancer, Neurological problems; autonomic neuropathy, MS, Parkinson's, spinal cord injury, stroke, Problems with pelvic floor muscles, Hormone imbalance; diabetes, hyper/hypothyroidism, pregnancy diarrhea - Correct Answer-frequent passage of loose, watery stools Laxatives - Correct Answer-medications or foods given to stimulate bowel movements constipation - Correct Answer-Hard, slow stools that are difficult to eliminate; often a result of too little fiber in the diet therapeutic drug monitoring for pregnant women - Correct Answer-A - safe for pregnancy B - only animal studies, few studies in humans C - animal studies show no adverse effects D - adequate studies, though benefits outweigh risk X - adequate, contraindicated in women who are or may become pregant Reye's syndrome - Correct Answer-potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion The 6 rights - Correct Answer-*Right patient *Right Drug *Right Dose *Right route *Right time *Right documentation medication error - Correct Answer-any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer Adverse drug event - Correct Answer-Any injury caused by a medication OARRS - Correct Answer-Ohio Automated Rx Reporting System controlled substances scheduling categories: III - V - Correct Answer-FDA approved, have some potential for abuse and addiction but less than I and II (ex: xanax, adavan, coladopin) controlled substances scheduling category II - Correct Answer-Commonly given to patients but has high potential for harm due to risks for abuse, dependency, addiction, withdrawal. Highly regulated. (ex: dilatid, morphine) controlled substances scheduling category I - Correct Answer-Illegal substances that are not FDA approved. Cannot use for research and can never be given to patients. (ex: heroin, cocaine) polymorphisms - Correct Answer-Naturally occurring differences in form between members of the same population Therapeutic drug monitoring - Correct Answer-The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity.