CHAPTER 1, THE CELL IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS

WRITTEN BY EUNICE CUBES WWW.STUVIA .CM CHAPTER 1, THE CELL IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which statement regarding the sodium–potassium pump is correct? 1. The cell’s plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions. 2. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment. 3. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell compartment. 4. The active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two potassium ions. 2. In the absence of oxygen, which cellular function creates the same amount of energy as is created in the presence of oxygen? 1. Dissipation of pyruvic acid 2. Initiation of the citric acid cycle 3. Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A 4. Creation of acidosis via lactic acid 3. How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism? 1. 2 2. 3 3. 34 4. 53 NURSINGTB.COM 4. Endoplasmic reticula 8. Which are the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells? 1. Actin and myosin 2. Prohormone and tubulin 3. Tubulin and actin 4. Myosin and prohormone 9. Which deficiency causes Tay–Sachs disease? 1. Proteasome 2. Peroxisome 3. Macrophage 4. Lysosomal enzymes 10. Which is a characteristic of adrenoleukodystrophy? 1. Accumulation of ganglioside 2. Cessation of ribosomal protein synthesis 3. Acceleration of cellular proteasome activity 4. Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system 11. Which statement regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is correct? 1. During ER stress, proteins are rapidly degraded. 2. During ER stress, lipids cannot travel to their proper intracellular locations. 3. During ER stress, long-chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system. 4. During ER stress, nondeNgUraRdeSdIsNubGsTtaBnc.eCs OacMcumulate in the cells. 12. A client is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. At a cellular level, which function is likely to be involved? 1. Inability of ribosomes to produce a specific type of protein 2. Incorrect processing of a protein by the Golgi apparatus 3. Stagnation of a previously dynamic action in microtubules 4. Obstruction of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum 13. A newborn patient exhibits characteristics of severe physical deformities. Which cellular component is examined to determine the cause and probability of the disease being genetically transferred? 1. Transfer RNA 2. Ribosomal RNA 3. Double helix of DNA 4. Mitochondrial DNA 14. A hiker experiences muscle pain and acidosis while ascending a mountain during a long, steep climb. Which is the reason for these manifestations? 1. Cellular hypoxia 2. Autolysis 3. Heterolysis 4. Cellular edema 15. Which factor provides DNA the unique molecular ability to replicate? 1. The pairing of nitrogenous bases 2. The presence of pyrimidine bases 3. The presence of nucleotides 4. The nitrogenous base and phosphate bond 16. How many nitrogenous bases compose a single codon? 1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 5 17. Which components form the structure of DNA? 1. Nucleotides 2. Amino acids 3. Fatty acids 4. Phosphates 18. Which factor is essential in order for protein synthesis to occur? 1. Free-standing ribosomes within the cell 2. Protein blueprint from the cell of the DNA 3. Specific information from the nucleus of the cell 4. Transfer RNA to move the protein out of the cell 19. Tetracycline antibiotic is prescribed for an adult client with chlamydia infection. Which is the mechanism of action of the drug? 1. It prevents the replicatioNnUoRf bSaIctNerGiaT. B.COM 2. It alters the configuration of bacterial cytoplasm. 3. It interferes with the function of bacterial ribosomes. 4. It inhibits the functions of bacterial mitochondria. 20. Where does the conversion of a prohormone into a hormone take place? 1. In the ribosomes 2. In the Golgi apparatus 3. In the secretory granules 4. In the endoplasmic reticulum 21. Which is the cell’s “master mind”? 1. Nucleus 2. Ribosome 3. Golgi apparatus 4. Endoplasmic reticulum Multiple Response Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question. 22. Which statements regarding the microtubules are true? Select all that apply. 1. Microtubules are solid. 2. Microtubules are flexible. 3. Microtubules are composed of tubulin. 4. Microtubules are called actin filaments. 5. Microtubules have structures involved in cell division. 23. Which cellular actions are carried out during the process of protein synthesis? Select all that apply. 1. DNA directs the cell to carry out the process. 2. Transcription occurs in the ribosome of the cell. 3. Protein translation takes place in the cell nucleus. 4. RNA is single-stranded and travels outside the nucleus. 5. In RNA, the pyrimidine base thymine is replaced with uracil. 24. Which characteristics are specific to RNA during protein synthesis? Select all that apply. 1. Presence of ribose pentose sugar 2. Presence of single-stranded helix 3. Presence of double-stranded helix 4. Presence of deoxyribose pentose sugar 5. Presence of uracil and cytosine as a pyrimidine base 25. Which are the purine bases found in DNA? Select all that apply. 1. Uracil 2. Adenine 3. Guanine 4. Thymine 5. Cytosine NURSINGTB.COM Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 1 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Sodium Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump) Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. The plasma membrane of the cell is less soluble to sodium ions and more soluble to potassium ions. 2 This is incorrect. The concentration of sodium ions should be higher outside the cell compartment. 3 This is incorrect. The concentration of potassium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment. NURSINGTB.COM 4 This is correct. In active transport, for every three sodium ions pumped out, two potassium ions are pumped in. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 2. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. When oxygen is not available, anaerobic metabolism produces significantly less cellular energy: a net yield of 2 ATP, as well as pyruvic acid. 2 This is correct. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which triggers a series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle. 3 This is incorrect. Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, not activated. 4 This is incorrect. In cellular hypoxia, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid, which is noxious to cells, causing muscle pain and biochemical alterations such as acidosis. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 3. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Discuss the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Energy Metabolism Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. In anaerobic energy metabolism, 2 ATPs and pyruvic acid are produced. 2 This is incorrect. In active transport, 3 sodium ions are pumped out. This takes place in the plasma membrane. 3 This is correct. The process of aerobic energy requires oxygen and provides the maximum amount of energy for cellular function. The process yields 34 ATPs. 4 This is incorrect. AerobNiUc RenSeIrgNyGmTeBCliOsmM produces 34 ATPs, not 53. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 4. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical-shaped organelles of the ribosomal ribonucleic acid. 2 This is correct. Cell types differ in their number of mitochondria according to their energy needs. For example, muscle cells have abundant mitochondria because they require a high amount of energy to function, whereas bone cells have fewer mitochondria. 3 This is incorrect. Ribonucleic acid is not affected by the cell’s energy needs. 4 This is incorrect. Deoxyribonucleic acid contains double-stranded helical chains containing various sequences of nucleotides. Its numbers are not affected by the cell’s energy needs. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 5. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondria Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Protein synthesis is the function of ribosomes. An increase in the synthesis of proteins does not yield energy and is not directly related to exercise. 2 This is incorrect. In aerobic energy metabolism created by exercise, anaerobic metabolism, also referred to as glycolysis, occurs outside the mitochondria. In anaerobic metabolism, glucose is used to create energy. 3 This is incorrect. Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid in cellular hypoxia is noxious to cells and doNesUnRoSt IcrNeaGteTeBCgyO.M 4 This is correct. Exercise stimulates mitochondria found in the muscle cells to create energy. This process is supported by the increased number of mitochondria found in muscle cells. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 6. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 4 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Ribosomes>Endoplasmic Reticulum Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Ribosomal protein synthesis does not cease during endoplasmic reticulum stress. 2 This is incorrect. ATP is synthesized in the energy metabolism. It does not interfere with protein synthesis. 3 This is correct. When the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply, the ribosomal protein synthesis ceases. 4 This is incorrect. The processing of prohormones to hormones does not cease the process of protein synthesis. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 7. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and Microfilaments Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. The cilia are responsible for propelling the mucus and inhaled debris out of the lungs using a sweeping motion. 2 This is incorrect. Microfilaments help in changing the shape of certain cells, such as macrophages, and help with contraction of muscle. 3 This is incorrect. Secretory vesicles store substances, such as hormones, that are secreted by cells before they are released into the extracellular space. 4 This is incorrect. The eNnUdoRpSlaIsmNiGcTreBCluOmMaids in the transport of the synthesized protein from the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 8. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and Microfilaments Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. Actin and myosin are the key proteins in the contractile unit of the muscle cells. 2 This is incorrect. Prohormone and tubulin are not the key elements in the contractile units of the muscle cells. Prohormones are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be converted into complete hormones, and tubulin is associated with microtubule formation. 3 This is incorrect. Tubulin and actin are not the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells. Microtubules are hollow filaments composed of tubulin. So tubulin is associated with microtubule formation. 4 This is incorrect. Prohormones are not one of the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells. They are transferred to the Golgi apparatus to be converted into complete hormones. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 9. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Lysosomes>Lack of Lysosomal Enzymes and Disease Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. A deficiency of proteasome in the cell does not cause Tay– Sachs disease. Proteasome is an organelle that contains digestive enzymes similar to lysosomes. Proteasomes degrade polypeptide chains and proteins. 2 This is incorrect. A deficiency of peroxisomes in the cell does not cause Tay– Sachs disease. PeNroUxiRsoSmIeNsGcoTnBCdOigMestive enzymes such as lysosomes. Peroxisomes break down the long-chain fatty acids and free radicals. 3 This is incorrect. A deficiency of macrophages in the body does not cause Tay–Sachs disease. Macrophages are the major defensive white blood cells of the body. They contain a large number of lysosomes. 4 This is correct. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes such as lysozyme, proteases, and lipases to degrade the ingested foreign substances and cellular debris. Tay–Sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder that is caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes. It results because of the buildup of lipids in the brain and spinal cord. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 10. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 4 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Proteasomes and Peroxisomes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. The deficiency of lysosomal enzymes, as in Tay–Sachs disease, causes the accumulation of ganglioside in the central nervous system. 2 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of cellular proteins. In severe hypoxic states, ribosomal protein synthesis ceases, resulting in decreased synthesis of protein. 3 This is incorrect. Cachexia, or wasting of body mass, is associated with accelerated proteasome activity. It is often seen in conditions such as cancer. 4 This is correct. Adrenoleukodystrophy is associated with dysfunction of the peroxisomes. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system. The disease causes the deterioration of the nervous system and eventually leads to death. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 11. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 4 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate NURSINGTB.COM Feedback 1 This is correct. Proteins are rapidly degraded during ER stress. 2 This is incorrect. Proteins cannot travel to their exact intracellular locations during ER stress. 3 This is incorrect. Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system is not associated with ER stress. 4 This is incorrect. Accumulation of nondegraded substances in the cells occurs because of the lack of lysosomal enzymes, but not as a result of ER stress. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 12. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Ribosomes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is correct. Ribosomes are known as the protein factories of the cell. Different types of cells produce different types of proteins. For example, ribosomes in pancreatic beta islet cells synthesize the proteins that make up insulin. The inability results in type 1 diabetes mellitus, a condition where the body is unable to produce insulin. 2 This is incorrect. Once ribosomes complete protein synthesis, the proteins are transported via the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus to be processed, packaged, and secreted. Impairment of this process does not result in type 1 diabetes mellitus. 3 This is incorrect. Microtubules are hollow filaments composed of protein subunits called tubulin. They have a dynamic structure, meaning that they are constantly being formed, broken down, and reformed. Stagnation of the process does not occur. 4 This is incorrect. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that act as a transport system within the cell and help in the transport of proteins. Impairment of this process does not result in type 1 diabetes mellitus. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 13. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Distinguish between the components that make up DNA versus RNA. Page: 6 Heading: Cell Structure andNFUuRncStiIonN>GDTNBA.RCeOpMlication Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays an important role in the assembly of proteins, but would not be examined as a source of severe deformities in a newborn. 2 This is incorrect. Proteins manufactured by ribosomes are destined to become parts of the cell, enzymes, or exported protein secretions. Different types of cells manufacture different proteins. However, ribosomal RNA is not examined for a cause of severe deformities in a newborn. 3 This is correct. In the event of severe physical deformities, the double helix of DNA will be examined for identifiable defects. The findings will identify the cause. The DNA of the parents will also be examined to aid in the identification of the condition being genetically transferred. 4 This is incorrect. It is theorized that in aging and in disorders such as diabetes, cancer, and heart failure, mitochondrial DNA undergoes mutations. Diseases that target mitochondria specifically may be caused by injury of mitochondria occurring in the cells of different organs. Mitochondrial disease causes a wide array of problems, including energy depletion and severe muscle weakness, but not severe deformities. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 14. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 3 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Mitochondrial DNA Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is correct. Muscle cramping and acidosis occur when the cells are deprived of adequate oxygen supply during energy metabolism. The oxygen level decreases slightly as the hiker climbs up the mountain into higher altitudes. 2 This is incorrect. Autolysis is the process in which lysosomes release digestive enzymes to destroy the parts of the dead cells. This process does not cause muscle cramping and acidosis in a hiker. 3 This is incorrect. Heterolysis is the process in which the lysosomes are used to digest the foreign bodiNesUinRgSeIsteNdGbTyBth.eCmOaMcrophage. This process does not cause muscle cramping and acidosis in a hiker. 4 This is incorrect. When the plasma membrane configuration is altered because of diseases, excess fluids enter the cell’s internal environment and cause swelling, resulting in cellular edema. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 15. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Describe the functions of the nucleus and consequences of DNA damage. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is correct. The pairing of nitrogenous bases provides the DNA with the unique molecular ability to replicate. For example, adenine always binds with thymine. 2 This is incorrect. DNA nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases that are either purines or pyrimidines. 3 This is incorrect. DNA consists of long, double-stranded helical chains containing variable sequences of nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group attached to a sugar molecule. The presence of nucleotides does not provide DNA molecules the unique ability to replicate. 4 This is incorrect. Nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups are parts of the nucleotide. The presence of nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups do not provide DNA molecules with the unique ability to replicate. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 16. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Describe the functions of the nucleus and consequences of DNA damage. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. A codNoUnRcoSnItaNinGsTthBCnOitMrogenous bases instead of just two. 2 This is correct. Three nitrogenous bases form a codon. Codons are interpreted by the ribosomes during protein synthesis to form specific proteins to meet the cell’s need. 3 This is incorrect. A codon is made up of three nitrogenous bases instead of four. 4 This is incorrect. A codon is made up of three nitrogenous bases instead of five. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 17. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Distinguish between the components that make up DNA versus RNA. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. 2 This is incorrect. DNA is not a polymer of amino acids. 3 This is incorrect. DNA is not a polymer of fatty acids. 4 This is incorrect. DNA is not a polymer of phosphate. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 18. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Distinguish between the components that make up DNA versus RNA. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Ribosomes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Some ribosomes are freestanding within the cytoplasm, and some are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; both are considered protein factories. 2 This is incorrect. In all cells, protein synthesis by the ribosomes is directed by specific information received from the nucleus but does not involve the cell’s DNA. 3 This is correct. In all cells, protein synthesis by the ribosomes is directed by specific information received from the nucleus regarding the needed protein. 4 This is incorrect. TransNfeUrRRSNIAN(GtRTNBA.)CpOlaMys a key role in the assembly of proteins and does not move the proteins out of the cell. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 19. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Ribosomes>Clinical Concept Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Tetracycline antibiotic does not prevent the replication of bacteria. 2 This is incorrect. Tetracycline antibiotic does not alter the configuration of bacterial cytoplasm. 3 This is correct. Tetracycline interferes with the functions of bacterial ribosomes. It inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. 4 This is incorrect. Tetracycline antibiotic does not interfere with functions of bacterial mitochondria. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 20. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Golgi Apparatus Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. The protein is initially manufactured in the ribosome. This protein is referred to as preprohormone, which contains a single peptide. 2 This is correct. The conversion of prohormone into hormone takes place in the Golgi apparatus. The prohormone is processed and then converted into the actual hormone. The actual hormone is secreted by the endocrine gland’s cells. 3 This is incorrect. The secretory granule is present in the Golgi apparatus. The completed hormone is stored in the secretory granule. 4 This is incorrect. The preprohormone contains a single peptide, which directs its transfer to the endoplasNmUiRc SreIticNuGluTmB. .TCheOsMingle peptide of the pre-prohormone is removed when it is transferred from ribosome to endoplasmic reticulum. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 21. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. The nucleus is the master mind of a cell. It contains the body’s genetic material, which regulates all cell structures and functions. 2 This is incorrect. Ribosomes are small, spherical organelles composed of ribosomal ribonucleic acid. They are called the “protein factories” of the cell. 3 This is incorrect. The synthesized proteins from ribosomes are transported to the Golgi apparatus through the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are processed, packaged, and secreted by the Golgi apparatus. 4 This is incorrect. The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules within the cell that acts as a transport system. Lipid production takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation MULTIPLE RESPONSE 22. ANS: 3, 5 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Recognize the major organelles and their function within the cell. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Endoplasmic Reticulum>Microtubules and Microfilaments Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1. This is incorrect. Microtubules are tubular and hollow in composition, not solid. 2. This is incorrect. Microfilaments, not microtubules, are solid, flexible fibers, sometimes referredNtoURasSaIctNinGfTilaBm.eCnOtsM. 3. This is correct. Microtubules are composed of protein subunits called tubulin. 4. This is incorrect. Microfilaments are identified as actin filaments. 5. This is correct. Microtubules comprise cell structures involved in cell division such as centrioles and mitotic spindles. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 23. ANS: 1, 4, 5 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Compare and contrast the processes of transcription and translation. Page: 6 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Transcription and Translation Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1. This is correct. Protein synthesis is a requirement for normal physiological function. DNA directs the cell to carry out protein synthesis through a two-step process. 2. This is incorrect. DNA directs the cell to carry out protein synthesis through a two-step process known as transcription, which occurs in the nucleus, and translation, which occurs in the ribosome. 3. This is incorrect. DNA directs the cell to carry out protein synthesis through a two-step process known as transcription, which occurs in the nucleus, and translation, which occurs in the ribosome. 4. This is correct. RNA differs from DNA in some important ways; for example, it is single-stranded and can travel to sites outside of the nucleus. 5. This is correct. The pentose sugar in RNA is ribose, and the pyrimidine base thymine is replaced with uracil. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 24. ANS: 1, 2, 5 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Compare and contrast the processes of transcription and translation. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>Transcription and Translation Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1. This is correct. The pentose sugar present in RNA is ribose. 2. This is correct. RNA consists of a single-stranded helix and can travel to sites outside the nucleusN. URSINGTB.COM 3. This is incorrect. Double-stranded helix is present in DNA. 4. This is incorrect. The pentose sugar present in DNA is deoxyribose. 5. This is correct. The pyrimidine base thymine in DNA is replaced with uracil in RNA. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 25. ANS: 2, 3, 4, 5 Chapter: Chapter 1, The Cell in Health and Illness Objective: Compare and contrast the processes of transcription and translation. Page: 5 Heading: Cell Structure and Function>The Nucleus Integrated Process: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1. This is incorrect. Uracil is a pyrimidine base present in RNA. 2. This is correct. Adenine is a purine base present in DNA and always binds with thymine. 3. This is correct. Guanine is a purine base present in DNA and always binds with cytosine. 4. This is correct. Thymine is a pyrimidine base present in DNA. 5. This is correct. Cytosine is a pyrimidine base present in DNA and RNA. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation NURSINGTB.COM Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 4. Atherosclerosis NURSINGTB.COM 4. The nurse is volunteering at a clinic in a developing country. Many of the young clients are diagnosed with kwashiorkor. Which condition does the nurse equate with the diagnosis? 1. The condition is seen in individuals suffering from severe protein starvation. 2. The condition exists with hypertension in the aorta and systemic arterial circulation. 3. The condition indicates increased prostate gland cells because of testosterone stimulation. 4. The condition is the result of defective cholesterol metabolism. 5. By which process are findings identified that represent distinct disease processes to help with diagnosis? 1. Histology 2. Biopsy 3. Autopsy 4. Pathognomonic changes 6. A client is diagnosed with failure of the thyroid gland due to increase in apoptotic cell death. Which terminology does the nurse expect to be applied to the client’s condition? 1. Xanthomas 2. Hashimoto 3. Peptic ulcer 4. Anthracosis 7. Which field involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer on these cells? 1. Reproductive cloning 2. Restoration with stem cells 3. Transplantation 4. Therapeutic cloning 8. The nurse is providing care to a client with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and gangrene of the foot manifested by decaying tissue and necrosis caused by prolonged ischemia. Wound cultures indicate the presence of Clostridium perfringens. Which treatment is the nurse most likely to expect the health-care provider to initiate? 1. Therapy aimed at reestablishing peripheral circulation 2. Administration of antibiotic therapy to treat infection 3. Surgical consultation to prevent disease advancement 4. Use of prescribed dressings to promote wound debridement 9. A client is diagnosed with impairment of cellular apoptosis. Which disease can this condition cause? 1. Cancer at the location of the process 2. Degenerative neurological diseases 3. Necrosis of involved tissues 4. Infarction of the affected area 10. A client has a medical history of prolonged ischemia attacks. Which term would the nurse use in reference to the manifestation of the client’s condition? 1. Gangrene 2. Infarction 3. Necrosis 4. Apoptosis NURSINGTB.COM 11. A client comes in with persistently uncontrolled hypertension. The nurse informs the client’s spouse that one of the consequences of prolonged raised blood pressure is a weakened area in the wall of the cerebral artery, located on the circle of Willis. Which condition fits the nurse’s description? 1. Xanthelasma 2. Infarction 3. Berry aneurysm 4. Ischemia 12. During an endoscopic examination on a client, it is found that the client has acid reflux. Which condition associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) warrants close monitoring and aggressive treatment? 1. Peptic ulcer disease 2. Malabsorption syndrome 3. Barrett’s esophagus 4. Hiatal hernia 13. A preschool-age patient is diagnosed with leukemia. Health-care providers recommend regenerative medicine stem cell therapy. The client’s parent states, “I can’t agree to the sacrifice of an unborn child for the benefit of my child.” Which information would the nurse share with the parent? 1. Stem cells are also available from bone marrow. 2. There is no other source of stem cells available. 3. Banking umbilical cord blood after birth is critical. 4. Chemotherapy is an equally effective treatment. 14. A client has an abnormal thickening of the lining of the uterus due to an increase in estrogen levels. How can such a condition be reversed? 1. Restoration of blood circulation 2. Treatment with hormone therapy 3. Complete surgical hysterectomy 4. By becoming pregnant 15. The nurse is providing care for a client who recently had a skin lesion surgically removed. Which information in the histology report indicates the lesion is malignant? 1. Examined cells are poorly differentiated. 2. Cells present with orderly architecture. 3. Edges of the specimen are unaffected. 4. Specimen contains well-differentiated cells. 16. A genetically programmed cell death is a process that can destroy cells that are no longer needed. Which term applies to this biological process? 1. Atrophy 2. Apoptosis 3. Hypertrophy 4. Neoplasia NURSINGTB.COM 17. Which is the most prevalent method to replace permanently injured tissues and organs? 1. Stem cell restoration 2. Therapeutic cloning 3. Reproductive cloning 4. Transplantation 18. The nurse is providing care for a client experiencing hypoxia related to lung disease. The client reports extreme fatigue and weakness. Which pathological condition does the nurse suspect to be occurring at a cellular level? 1. An overabundance of extracellular sodium 2. Lack of ability to produce sufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 3. Overfunctioning of the sodium–potassium pump 4. Water leaves the cells causing cellular dehydration 19. A client with a history of hypertension is noncompliant about taking antihypertensive drugs. The client states, “So what’s the big deal?” Which condition does the nurse identify as the worst-case scenario? 1. Persistent headaches 2. Elevated risk of aneurysm 3. Possible cardiac hypertrophy 4. Interrupted circulation from plaque 20. Which condition describes the increase in size of a weightlifter’s muscles? 1. Hypertrophy 2. Metaplasia 3. Atrophy 4. Dysplasia 21. A client reports an itchy, bumpy scar around an old wound that is identified as a keloid. Which term best describes this condition? 1. Neoplasia 2. Hyperplasia 3. Dysplasia 4. Metaplasia Multiple Response Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question. 22. Which vitamins are fat soluble? Select all that apply. 1. Vitamin A 2. Vitamin C 3. Vitamin D 4. Vitamin K 5. Vitamin B6 23. At which time does physiological apoptosis occur? Select all that apply. 1. During the embryonic dNevUeRloSpmINenGt TofBChOaMnd 2. During menopause in female adult ovaries 3. When cells die because of stressors 4. When cells have completed their function and need elimination 5. When the liver gets exposed to excessive amounts of alcohol 24. Which components of the serum level should be measured to confirm myocardial infarction? Select all that apply. 1. Epinephrine 2. Troponin 3. Lysosomal enzyme 4. Acetylcholine 5. CPKmb 25. A client is being treated for atherosclerosis. Which options are directly detrimental to the client’s condition? Select all that apply. 1. Depletion of endothelial nitric oxide 2. Helicobacter pylori infection 3. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition 4. Inflammatory changes of the endothelium 5. Acid reflux Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 10 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury>Causes of Cell Injury>Free Radical Injury Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is correct. Oxidative stress is a form of cell injury that occurs when free radical generation exceeds the mechanisms of removal. Oxidative stress commonly occurs in cells that undergo transient ischemia and subsequent resumption of circulation. 2 This is incorrect. Hormonal stimulation of hyperplasia occurs in pregnancy. It occurs when estrogen sNtiUmRuSlaItioNnGrTesBCiOn Mmitotic division of breast gland cells. 3 This is incorrect. Ischemic reperfusion injury occurs when a blood clot obstructs a coronary artery and results in cardiac muscle ischemia. 4 This is incorrect. Atrophy occurs when a cell’s environment cannot support its metabolic requirements. The smaller size of the cells allows for less metabolic demand and more efficient functioning that is compatible with survival. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 2. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Explain endothelial injury, ischemic tissue damage, and infarction of tissue. Page: 15 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury>Causes of Cell Injury>Hypoxic Cell Injury Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Applying [Application] Concept: Oxygenation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Organelles are a number of specialized structures within a living cell. Prolonged stress can cause irreversible cell damage resulting in organelle disruption. 2 This is correct. Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a part of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen. Brain cells cannot withstand hypoxia for more than 6 minutes, whereas skeletal muscle can tolerate hypoxia for prolonged periods. 3 This is incorrect. Xanthelasma are raised skin lesions that develop because of intracellular accretion of excess cholesterol within epithelial cells. 4 This is incorrect. Ischemic-reperfusion injury is tissue damage. It occurs when the blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen. PTS: 1 CON: Oxygenation 3. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 13 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Adaptations and Maladaptive Changes>Neoplasia Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. ApopNtoUsiRsSisIaNnGoTrgBCeOdMprocess that eliminates unnecessary or damaged cells without causing inflammation or any adverse effects on surrounding tissue. 2 This is correct. Differentiation is the process whereby newly growing cells acquire the specialized structure and function of the cells that are replaced. This finding is indicative of a benign growth. 3 This is incorrect. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process through which cells generate energy in the mitochondria. 4 This is incorrect. Atherosclerosis is the change in metabolic processes associated with diabetes mellitus. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 4. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Identify etiologic factors that can cause the cellular adaptive and maladaptive changes. Page: 17 Heading: Causes of Cell Injury>Nutritional Imbalances Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Nutrition Feedback 1 This is correct. Kwashiorkor is a form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency in the diet. 2 This is incorrect. Hypertension is a condition in which blood pressure within the aorta and systemic arterial circulation is elevated. 3 This is incorrect. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a condition in which prostate gland cells increase in number because of testosterone stimulation. 4 This is incorrect. Hypercholesterolemia is a condition that is caused by an excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream. PTS: 1 CON: Nutrition 5. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 17 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Adaptations and Maladaptive Changes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is correct. HistoloNgyURisSthIeNmGicTrBCpOicMstudy of tissues and cells, and it yields important diagnostic information for the clinician. 2 This is incorrect. Biopsy extracts a cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue to allow for histological examination. 3 This is incorrect. Autopsy is an examination of the tissues and organs of a deceased individual that allows for a study of the cause of death. 4 This is incorrect. Pathognomonic changes represent the unique histological findings that represent distinct disease processes. For instance, an inflamed, craterlike breach in the gastrointestinal mucosa is pathognomonic for peptic ulcer disease. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 6. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 20 Heading: Cell Degeneration and Death> Apoptosis Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Applying [Application] Concept: Cellular Regulation Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Xanthomas are yellow, raised skin lesions that develop due to intracellular accumulation of excess cholesterol within epithelial cells. 2 This is correct. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a common autoimmune disease that causes gradual failure of the thyroid gland because of increased apoptotic cell death. 3 This is incorrect. Peptic ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori, which is a bacterium that erodes the gastric mucosa. 4 This is incorrect. Anthracosis is a benign deposition of coal dust within the lungs from inhalation of sooty air. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 7. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Distinguish between the processes of therapeutic cloning versus reproductive cloning. Page: 22 Heading: Interventions to Treat Permanent Cell Injury>Therapeutic Cloning Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Health Promotion and Maintenance Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Reproductive cloning is the deliberate production of genetically identical individuals, and it involves the production of a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. 2 This is incorrect. The regeneration of the cells that are incapable of regeneration, such as brain, neuron, and heart muscle cells, is referred to as restoration with stem cells. 3 This is incorrect. Transplantation is the most prevalent method to replace permanently injured tissues or organs. 4 This is correct. Therapeutic cloning is a field that involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer on these cells. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 8. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Discuss therapeutic interventions to repair cell injury and cell death. Page: 20 Heading: Cell Degeneration and Death>Gangrene Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. It is important to reestablish circulation in a client with PAD; however, the effectiveness of this therapy is limited once advanced gangrene is established. 2 This is incorrect. If wound cultures have been positive for C. perfringens, it is likely that antibiotic therapy has been established. The antibiotic will be continued to prevent the spread of the infection. 3 This is correct. Because of decaying and necrotic tissue, the most likely treatment is for the health-care provider to prescribe a surgical consultation to remove the affected tissue in order to promote healing and prevent additional damage. 4 This is incorrect. In some instances, special dressings to promote tissue debridement may be prescribed. However, the presence of decaying and necrotic tissue warrants more extensive care. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 9. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Identify etiologic factors that can cause the cellular adaptive and maladaptive changes. Page: 20 Heading: Cell Degeneration and Death>Apoptosis Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological NInUteRgrSitIy:NPGhTysBCgOicMal Adaptation Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is correct. Certain cancers arise when cells lose the ability to program their own destruction, a process known as apoptosis, and go on to have an abnormally prolonged life span. These cells begin to divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues. 2 This is incorrect. Degenerative neurological diseases are caused when the cells, due to increased cellular apoptosis, die excessively and prematurely. For example, spinal muscular atrophy develops when nerve cells undergo increased apoptotic rates and die prematurely. 3 This is incorrect. Necrosis is the death of cells in a tissue or organ through injury or disease. It is irreversible. 4 This is incorrect. Infarction is the death of tissue due to hypoxia caused by prolonged restriction of blood flow. Page: 20 Heading: Cell Degeneration and Death>Cell Necrosis Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Gangrene is a condition that occurs when tissues endure prolonged ischemia, experience infarction and necrosis, and then are exposed to bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens that proliferate in the decaying tissue. 2 This is correct. Infarction, also called ischemic necrosis, is the death of tissue as a consequence of prolonged ischemia. 3 This is incorrect. Necrosis is a broad term used to describe the death of cells in a tissue or organ through injury or disease. It is irreversible. 4 This is incorrect. Apoptosis is the cell’s genetically programmed degeneration, which can be normal or abnormal. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 11. ANS: 3 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Explain endothelial injury, ischemic tissue damage, and infarction of tissue. Page: 18 NURSINGTB.COM Heading: Causes of Cell Injury>Hypertension Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Xanthelasma is a yellowish deposit of cholesterol underneath the skin cells, commonly on or around the eyelids. 2 This is incorrect. Infarction is tissue death due to prolonged obstruction of blood supply to the tissue. 3 This is correct. Berry aneurysm is a small berrylike bulge that is caused by a weakened area in the wall of the cerebral artery at or near the circle of Willis in the brain. The berry aneurysm is directly related to the presence of hypertension. 4 This is incorrect. Ischemia is the lack of sufficient blood flow to tissues that leads to cell injury. Prolonged ischemia leads to infarction or death of tissue. Page: 12 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Adaptations and Maladaptive Changes>Metaplasia>Clinical Concept Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Peptic ulcer disease occurs in the stomach and not in the esophagus. 2 This is incorrect. Malabsorption syndrome is not a condition related to GERD. 3 This is correct. Barrett’s esophagus is a serious complication of GERD. In GERD, the lower esophageal squamous epithelial cells can undergo a metaplastic change into columnar stomachlike cells. This condition develops into Barrett’s esophagus, which requires close monitoring and aggressive treatment because of the risk of esophageal cancer. 4 This is incorrect. Hiatal hernia can be a cause of GERD and warrants monitoring for Barrett’s esophagus. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 13. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, CellularNIUnjRuSryI, NAGdaTpBCnOs,Mand Maladaptive Changes Objective: Discuss therapeutic interventions to repair cell injury and cell death. Page: 22 Heading: Interventions to Treat Permanent Cell Injury>Regenerative Medicine Using Stem Cells Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Application [Applying] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is correct. Based on the parent’s comment, the nurse needs to provide information about alternative sources of stem cells. Bone marrow is a possible source, but finding a bone marrow match is necessary. 2 This is incorrect. Stem cells can be obtained from stored umbilical cord blood and bone marrow in addition to human embryonic cells obtained from fertilized human eggs in the blastocyst stage. Use of human embryonic cells is banned in the United States. 3 This is incorrect. Informing the parent that banking of the client’s umbilical cord blood is critical only places guilt on the parent if the procedure was not performed when the client was born. 4 This is incorrect. Exhausting all efforts for regenerative medicine using stem cells may lead to common methods of treatment such as chemotherapy. However, research indicates best results from stem cell therapy. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 14. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Discuss therapeutic interventions to repair cell injury and cell death. Page: 11 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Adaptations and Maladaptive Changes> >Physiological Hypertrophy vs. Pathological Hypertrophys>Hyperplasia Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Restoration of blood circulation has no bearing on hyperplasia of the uterine endometrium. This is because hyperplasia of the uterine endometrium is caused by an increase in the uterine endometrial cells brought on by excessive estrogen. 2 This is correct. Hyperplasia is stimulated by hormonal or compensatory cellular mechanisms. Hyperplasia of the uterine endometrium is caused by an overproduction of estrogen. Hormone therapy to counter the effects of excessive estrogen helps reverse NthUeRcoSnIdNitiGonT.B.COM 3 This is incorrect. Surgical removal of the hyperplastic uterine endometrium is an irreversible treatment option. Complete surgical hysterectomy is unwarranted for this condition. 4 This is incorrect. Becoming pregnant does cause changes in body hormones; however, for a variety of reasons this is not warranted as appropriate treatment. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 15. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Compare and contrast characteristics of malignant cancer cells versus normal, healthy cells. Page: 13 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury>BOX 2-1. Cellular Differentiation: Benign and Malignant Neoplasms Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is correct. Neoplastic cells can appear very different from the healthy cells within their tissue of origin. Poorly differentiated cells are indicative of a malignancy. 2 This is incorrect. In normal skin, skin cells are lined up in an orderly fashion. 3 This is incorrect. Unaffected margins on a specimen are indicative that the entire lesion has been removed whether the lesion is malignant or benign. 4 This is incorrect. The presence of well-differentiated cells is indicative of a benign lesion. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 16. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 11 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Adaptations and Maladaptive Changes Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Atrophy is a cellular adaptation in which cells revert to a smaller size in response to changes in metabolic requirements or their environment. Atrophy NocUcRurSsIwNhGenTaBCl’Os Menvironment cannot support its metabolic requirements. 2 This is correct. In multicellular organisms, cells that are no longer needed or are a threat to the organism are destroyed by a programmed cell death called apoptosis. An example of this process is when an embryonic, paddle-shaped hand forms indentations to shape the individual fingers. 3 This is incorrect. Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size that results in an enlargement of functioning tissue mass. In hypertrophy, each individual cell becomes larger. Hypertrophy increases the cell’s functional components, which leads to greater metabolic demand and energy needs. 4 This is incorrect. Neoplasia means new growth and usually refers to disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 17. ANS: 4 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Discuss therapeutic interventions to repair cell injury and cell death. Page: 22 Heading: Interventions to Treat Permanent Cell Injury>Transplantation Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Easy Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Stem cells are capable of developing into any specialized tissue and organ and are therefore used to treat and regenerate injured tissues and cells. However, it is not the most prevalent method. 2 This is incorrect. Therapeutic cloning involves harvesting of embryonic stem cells and performing nuclear transfer on these cells. With this method, it could be theoretically possible for individuals in need of organ transplant to obtain exact tissue matches of their organs. However, this is still a nascent technology with extensive ongoing research. 3 This is incorrect. Reproductive cloning is the creation of a genetic duplicate of an existing organism. Currently, reproductive cloning is performed among livestock and other animals like cats, mice, rabbits, and mules. 4 This is correct. Transplantation is the most prevalent method to replace permanently injured tissues or organs, such as kidneys. It is a complex process involving many stages that include solicitation of donors, harvesting of organs, matching of donor organs and recipients, surgical implantation, and interventions to avoid organ rejection. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 18. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, CellularNIUnjRuSryI, NAGdaTpBCnOs,Mand Maladaptive Changes Objective: Explain endothelial injury, ischemic tissue damage, and infarction of tissue. Page: 13 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury>Dysfunction of the Sodium–Potassium Pump (Na+/K+ Pump) Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. The intracellular sodium ion concentration is increased because it is not being adequately pumped out of the cell. 2 This is correct. The client is hypoxic, which interferes with the production of ATP. Lack of sufficient ATP contributes to failure of active transport mechanisms such as the sodium–potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump). 3 This is incorrect. Lack of sufficient ATP contributes to failure of active transport mechanisms such as the sodium–potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump), causing an underfunctioning of the pump. 4 This is incorrect. Dysfunction of the sodium–potassium pump causes an increase in intracellular sodium, drawing in water and leading to cellular swelling. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 19. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: Identify etiologic factors that can cause the cellular adaptive and maladaptive changes. Page: 18 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Injury>Hypertension Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Analysis [Analyzing] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Difficult Feedback 1 This is incorrect. Persistent headaches can occur in clients with chronic hypertension; however, this is not the worst-case scenario. This problem will respond well to prescription drug treatment. 2 This is correct. Aneurysm is referred to as a weakened area in an arterial wall commonly caused by hypertension. This is the worst-case scenario because the development of the aneurysm may not be easily identified. In addition, rupture of the aneurysm commonly results in death. 3 This is incorrect. Cardiac hypertrophy can develop with hypertension as the heart attempts to push blood through sclerotic vessels. However, prescription drugs will help preventNtUhiRs ScoInNdiGtiTonB..COM 4 This is incorrect. If the client has atherosclerosis, hypertension increases the risk of interrupted circulation from loosened plaque. Because both conditions will benefit from prescribed drug therapy, this is not the worst-case scenario. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 20. ANS: 1 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 17 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Adaptations and Maladaptive Changes>Hypertrophy Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation Cognitive Level: Comprehension [Understanding] Concept: Cellular Regulation Difficulty: Moderate Feedback 1 This is correct. Hypertrophy is the increase in size of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. Muscle growth is due to physiological hypertrophy, which is caused by angiogenesis. 2 This is incorrect. Metaplasia is the replacement of one cell type by another cell type. It could be due to a cell’s genetic programming because of a change in environment, or, more commonly, it could be in response to chronic inflammation. 3 This is incorrect. Atrophy is a wasting or decrease in size of a body organ, tissue, or part due to disease, injury, or lack of use. 4 This is incorrect. Dysplasia is abnormal cellular growth within a specific tissue, often as a result of chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition. PTS: 1 CON: Cellular Regulation 21. ANS: 2 Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes Objective: List common cellular adaptations and maladaptations that occur in the body. Page: 11 Heading: Basic Concepts of Cellular Adaptations and Maladaptive Changes>Hyperplasia Integrated Processes: Nursing Process Client Need: Safe and Effective Care Environment: Management of Care Cognitive Level: Knowledge [Remembering] Concept: Criti