NR546 Psychopharm Midterm Exam with complete solutions

How does the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) affect the amygdala? - Answer- inhibits and activates the amygdala Wernicke's area is associated with which of the following? - Answer- speech comprehension The limbic system is associated with which of the following - Answer- emotion and learning Which brain structure is most associated with long term memory? - Answer- hippocampus When prescribing psychotropic medications, the PMHNP knows that these medications work within which specific areas? - Answer- mood Which of the following are involved in regulating neurotransmission via excitation-secretion coupling? - Answer- voltage-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-sensitive calcium channels What system influences the length of time for a drug to achieve efficacy? - Answer- signal transduction cascades One of the signal transduction cascades, pass the message from a first receptor to a second messenger. - Answer- G protein linked systems Human central nervous system communication at synapses is which of the following? - Answer- chemical Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter? - Answer- glutamate Which statement correctly pairs the pharmacodynamic effect with its definition? - Answer- antagonist effect - drug binds to receptor, but does not activate a response A major current hypothesis for the cause of schizophrenia proposes that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors may be which of the following? Correct! - Answer- hypofunctional Which medication is least associated with weight gain? - Answer- aripiprazole Which dopamine pathway is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia? - Answer- mesolimbic pathway Which pathway is associated with negative symptoms? - Answer- The mesocortical pathway Is part of the extrapyramidal nervous system and associated with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) - Answer- nigrostriatal pathway This pathway is associated with hyperprolactinemia. - Answer- The tuberoinfundibular pathway A 34-year old male recently began experiencing breast secretions while receiving risperidone . Which dopamine pathway is associated with this side effect? - Answer- tuberoinfundibular pathway A 44-year-old woman is initiated on an atypical antipsychotic for the treatment of schizophrenia. Regarding affinity, atypical antipsychotics demonstrate which of the following most often? - Answer- Atypical antipsychotics have equal positive symptom antipsychotic actions and low extrapyramidal symptoms. is a syndrome that can be associated with several different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and distortions of reality. This syndrome can affect a person's cognition, affective response, communication, capacity to recognize reality, and ability to relate to others. - Answer- psychosis What Diagnosis require the presence of psychosis? - Answer- schizophrenia substance-induced psychotic disorders schizophreniform disorder schizoaffecive disorder delusional disorder brief psychotic disorder psychotic disorder due to a medical condition What diagnosis has a diagnosis of psychosis as a feature? - Answer- mania depression cognitive disorders dementia What are some positive symptoms? - Answer- Hallucinations Delusions Thought disorder Hostility Excitability What are some Negative symptoms? - Answer- Affective flattening Alogia Anhedonia Amotivation Asociality What area of the brain is associated with negative and affective symptoms? - Answer- Mesocortical and ventromedial prefrontal cortex: What area of the brain is associated with cognitive symptoms? - Answer- Dorsolateral What area of the brain is associated with aggressive, impulsive symptoms? - Answer- Orbitofrontal and connections to the amygdala Non-selectively blocks dopamine D2 receptors, specifically in mesolimbic pathway. Improves Positive Symptoms Use: Acute & Chronic Schizophrenia & Psychosis - Answer- First generation antipsychotics are associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking, the ability to organize, personality, behavior, and emotional control. Traumatic brain injuries can result in personality changes, difficulty controlling emotions, and other cognitive functions - Answer- Frontal Lobes responsible for proprioception, is the home of the somatic senses. This part of the brain helps a person to identify spatial relationships, interpret pain and touch in the body, and identify and give meaning to objects - Answer- Parietal Lobe (Middle Brain) Damage to the anterior portion may cause asterogenesis, the loss of ability to recognize objects via the sense of touch. This may be experienced by patients with post cerebral vascular accidents - Answer- parietal Lobe and involved in short-term memory, speech, auditory signals, and smell recognition. It identifies "what" things are - object identification. It contains the limbic system, amygdala, and hippocampus. - Answer- Temporal Lobe Disorders from this lobe include dementia, affective disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD). - Answer- Temporal Lobe controls visual processing. Damage to this lobe results in the inability to form visual memories. Bilateral lobe damage results in the inability to recognize items by sight even though vision is normal. - Answer- Occipital Lobe This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. - Answer- Central sulcus This controls the communication between the two brain hemispheres. Is involved in attention, impulse control, and emotion regulation. It integrates impulses from both sides of the brain. - Answer- corpus callosum This is located deep in the temporal lobes and is involved in anxiety and memory, and shifting short-term to long-term memory. - Answer- Hippocampus This is located deep in the temporal lobes and involved in emotional regulation and perception of odors. All smells travel directly to this structure. Cooking smells can elicit memories of childhood events and holidays. A traumatic event can result in the formation of the fear response, causing the fight or flight reflex within the autonomic nervous system and affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis causing the release of stress hormones - Answer- Amygdala This is an egg-shaped structure involved in sensory organ and motor command processing. All sensory systems except for the olfaction process through the thalamus, which is responsible for processing all external information - Answer- Thalamus A group of structures involved in voluntary motor movements, cognition, and emotion. Movement disorders include Parkinson's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and Tourette syndrome. - Answer- Basal ganglia This is involved in complex motor actions and linkage of cognition to motor actions. It is the main input area for the basal ganglia and is activated when anticipating or engaging in pleasure - Answer- Dorsal striatum This is involved in the reward circuit and reinforces addictive behaviors. - Answer- Nucleus accumbens This is associated with pleasure, reward, and reinforcing behavior. Drug abuse affects the limbic system, disrupting emotions and feelings associated with normal behavior. - Answer- Limbic system Associated with movement, intelligence, abstract thinking. etc. - Answer- Frontal lobe Associated with speech - Answer- Brocas area Involves object identification and auditory signals - Answer- Temporal lobe Involved in Coordination - Answer- cerebellum Involved in Speech comprehension - Answer- Wernicke's area Primary visual area - Answer- Occipital Lobe Keeps us alert to what is going on around us - Answer- Parietal lobe Involved in the reward process. - Answer- Nucleus accumbens Involved in sensory organ and motor command processing - Answer- thalamus