HESI PN GERONTOLOGY STUDY GUIDE & 2020 PN EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS • Healthy aging is now an achievable goal for many. • Aging and disease are separate entities. • Aging is an individual process that affects each person differently. • The chronologic age of 65 is the standard in the United States for being considered an older adult (elderly). • By 2050, one in five Americans will be over the age of 65. • The concept of aging is further defined as young -old (65 to 74), middle -old (75 to 84), old -old (over 85), elite -old (over 90), centenarian (over 100), and super -centenarian (110 and over). • Eighty percent of people over the age of 70 have at least one chronic condition, and 50% have multiple health problems. Theories of Aging 1. Psychosocial Theories: a. Disengagement Theory: Progressive s ocial disengagement occurs naturally with aging and is accepted by the older adult. Variation in disengagement across older populations is related to cultural style and behaviors in different geographic regions. b. Activity Theory: Successful again require s a high level of activity and involvement to maintain life satisfaction and positive self – esteem. 2. Biologic Theories: a. Pacemaker Theory: A programmed decline or cessation of many concepts occurs in the nervous and endocrine systems. b. Immunity The ory: A programmed accumulation of damage and decline of the immune systems’ function (immunosenescence) takes place due to oxidative stress. c. Wear -and-Tear Theory: After repeated use, damaged cells in the body structures wear out from the harmful effects of internal and external stressors, now known as free radicals. 3. Developmental Theories: a. Erik Erikson’s Theory: Theory identifies 8 stages of developmental tasks throughout the life span; 8th stage is integrity versus despair b. Maslow’s Theory: Ma slow’s hierarchy of needs ranks an individual’s needs from the most basic to the most complex. Maslow uses the terms physiologic, safety and security, belonging, self -esteem, and self -
actualization needs to describe the process that generally motivates individuals to move through life. HINT : The concept of aging is shifting from viewing older adults as frail and dependent to being able to engage in healthy living. The majority of those aged 65 and older regard their health as good or excellent. The ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) is a more accurate measure of an older person’s age than chronologic age. Physiologic Changes • Aging effects every cell in every organ of the body, but not at the same rate • Three physiologic changes are clinically significant in making older adults vulnerable to injury & disease: o Loss in compensatory reserve (making up for a loss in physiological compensation; vital signs) o Progressive loss in efficiency of the body to repair damaged tissue o Decreased functioning of the immune system processes • Diseases in older adults do not always present with classic signs and symptoms • Physiologic changes increase more rapidly with increasing age • Aging changes are influenced by genetic makeup & environment HIN T: Questions may ask about teaching and designing rehabilitation programs for older adults. The answers should contain information about exercise and nutrition. Integumentary System: Skin, hair, and nail changes occur with aging and can cause problems conc erning discomfort and self -esteem. • Thin Skin provides a less effective barrier to trauma due to a loss of subcutaneous tissue. o Increased risk for dehydration due to decline in lean mass & loss of body water o Decreased ability of the skin to detect and regulate temperature o Dry skin resulting from a decrease in endocrine secretion o Loss of elastin & increased vascular fragility • Keratinocytes become smaller and regeneration slows; wound healing is slower. • Hair loss occurs; women have increased faci al hair • Vascular hyperplasia causes more varicosities (brown or blue discolorations) • Increased appearance of “age spots” and/or “liver spots” and raised lesions (seborrheic keratosis) • Nails becomes brittle & thick. Nursing Assessment 1. Skin dryness & tears 2. Nails for changes in shape, color, and brittleness 3. Lesions to differentiate normal from abnormal; 4. Bony prominences for signs of pressure ulcers Nursing Plans & Interventions A. Encourage the use of oils or lubricants on the skin at least twice a day. B. Discourage the use of powder, which can be drying. C. Teach to avoid overexposure to sunlight. D. Encourage balanced nutrition and increased fluid intake. E. Teach to maintain adequate humidity in the environment. F. Teach to avoid tempera ture extremes. G. Teach good foot care. H. Observe bony prominences for signs of pressure. I. Teach that poor peripheral circulation may slow the healing of foot and hand lesions. HINT : The Exam will test your ability to differentiate normal and patholog ic causes of skin and hair conditions; for example, the differences between seborrheic keratosis and melanoma Musculoskeletal System : Age -related changes in the musculoskeletal system are gradual but have a significant impact on levels of mobility, which puts older adults at risk for falls and fractures. • The Musculoskeletal system is composed on bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles. • Age – related changes are not life threatening, but can affect function & quality of life. • Bone loss begins around age 40 and is more common in women than in men; thus; osteoporosis occurs more often in women. • Shortening of the trunk (torso) due to thinning of the vertebral disks. • Loss of bone calcium, atrophic (decrease in size) cartilage and muscle occurs. • Bone mineral density (BMD) decreases, resulting in osteopenia and osteoporosis. • Range of motion (ROM) of joint decreases. • Progressive loss of cartilage occurs, resulting in osteoarthritis. • Muscle cells are lost and not replaced. • Lean body mass d ecreases with increased body fat. Nursing Assessment 1. Dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D 2. Weight; underweight or overweight 3. Lifestyle habits; inappropriate nutrition, smoking, and inadequate exercise 4. History of fractures
actualization needs to describe the process that generally motivates individuals to move through life. HINT : The concept of aging is shifting from viewing older adults as frail and dependent to being able to engage in healthy living. The majority of those aged 65 and older regard their health as good or excellent. The ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) is a more accurate measure of an older person’s age than chronologic age. Physiologic Changes • Aging effects every cell in every organ of the body, but not at the same rate • Three physiologic changes are clinically significant in making older adults vulnerable to injury & disease: o Loss in compensatory reserve (making up for a loss in physiological compensation; vital signs) o Progressive loss in efficiency of the body to repair damaged tissue o Decreased functioning of the immune system processes • Diseases in older adults do not always present with classic signs and symptoms • Physiologic changes increase more rapidly with increasing age • Aging changes are influenced by genetic makeup & environment HIN T: Questions may ask about teaching and designing rehabilitation programs for older adults. The answers should contain information about exercise and nutrition. Integumentary System: Skin, hair, and nail changes occur with aging and can cause problems conc erning discomfort and self -esteem. • Thin Skin provides a less effective barrier to trauma due to a loss of subcutaneous tissue. o Increased risk for dehydration due to decline in lean mass & loss of body water o Decreased ability of the skin to detect and regulate temperature o Dry skin resulting from a decrease in endocrine secretion o Loss of elastin & increased vascular fragility • Keratinocytes become smaller and regeneration slows; wound healing is slower. • Hair loss occurs; women have increased faci al hair • Vascular hyperplasia causes more varicosities (brown or blue discolorations) • Increased appearance of “age spots” and/or “liver spots” and raised lesions (seborrheic keratosis) • Nails becomes brittle & thick. Nursing Assessment 1. Skin dryness & tears 2. Nails for changes in shape, color, and brittleness 3. Lesions to differentiate normal from abnormal; 4. Bony prominences for signs of pressure ulcers Nursing Plans & Interventions A. Encourage the use of oils or lubricants on the skin at least twice a day. B. Discourage the use of powder, which can be drying. C. Teach to avoid overexposure to sunlight. D. Encourage balanced nutrition and increased fluid intake. E. Teach to maintain adequate humidity in the environment. F. Teach to avoid tempera ture extremes. G. Teach good foot care. H. Observe bony prominences for signs of pressure. I. Teach that poor peripheral circulation may slow the healing of foot and hand lesions. HINT : The Exam will test your ability to differentiate normal and patholog ic causes of skin and hair conditions; for example, the differences between seborrheic keratosis and melanoma Musculoskeletal System : Age -related changes in the musculoskeletal system are gradual but have a significant impact on levels of mobility, which puts older adults at risk for falls and fractures. • The Musculoskeletal system is composed on bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles. • Age – related changes are not life threatening, but can affect function & quality of life. • Bone loss begins around age 40 and is more common in women than in men; thus; osteoporosis occurs more often in women. • Shortening of the trunk (torso) due to thinning of the vertebral disks. • Loss of bone calcium, atrophic (decrease in size) cartilage and muscle occurs. • Bone mineral density (BMD) decreases, resulting in osteopenia and osteoporosis. • Range of motion (ROM) of joint decreases. • Progressive loss of cartilage occurs, resulting in osteoarthritis. • Muscle cells are lost and not replaced. • Lean body mass d ecreases with increased body fat. Nursing Assessment 1. Dietary intake of calcium and vitamin D 2. Weight; underweight or overweight 3. Lifestyle habits; inappropriate nutrition, smoking, and inadequate exercise 4. History of fractures
