OR
F
FINALS
#ESC 101
, (H 11.3 (2 in
Fisies =
G() FER1i3] ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE & AIR POLLLITION
THE ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER
-> ATMOSPHERE: The thin 144er of casses that surrounds Earth: Absorbs rediction and moderates Climate (links to CH 14),
transports and recycles water and nutrients: 78%. NODS, 211.02<4S, 1%. other casses
·
Its four layers differ in temperature, density and composition
T HE ATMOSPHERE IS LAYERED
OTROPOSPHERE: Bottomost layer (Dir is denser than in higher layers
->
Temperature declines w/ pltitude (warmest OECrths surface), weather (and vertical mixing of Girl
-> TROPOPAUSE is like Dcelp that limits mixing between troposphere and the layer above it
· STRATOSPHERE: 11-50kM(7-31mi): Drier and less dense, little vertical mixing
·
MESOSPHERE: 50-80km(31-S6m) above see IVI: extreme low air pressure, temp decrease with altitude
·
THERMOSPHERE: Atmosphere's top10yer: Extends upward to 500m(300 mi)
ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES INCLUDE TEMP, PRESSURE, AND HLIMIDITY
-> Atmospheric pressure, density, relative humidity and temp contribute to causing air mumt in the troposphere
· Atmospheric pressure: measures the force per unit area produced by a column of Dir
·
Relative humidity: A measure of the # of H2O vapor a given volume of air contains
*So14Ir energy nexts the atmosphere, helps create seasons, and causes air to circulate
·
Land and water Absorb solar energy, reradiate next, H20 evaporates.
o convective circulation: less dense, warmer air rises and creates vertical currents: rising air expands and cools, cool air descends
becomes denser, replacing warm air, influences both weather and climate
AIR MASSES INTERACT TO PRODLICE WEATHER
-> in normal conditions air temp decreases as altitude increases but in some circumstances;
Thermal inversion: a layer of cool air occurs beneath a layer of warmer air: the lower cool air being neavier, resists
rising and mixing
· URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT: Buildings, cars, pavements etc. Cdsorb concentrate neat
-> They interact wl Earths rotation
to produce global wind patterns
LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION SYSTEMS PRODLICE GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS
-
·
Hadley Cells: a pair of convective air currents near the equator where surface air warms, rises, and expands
·
Ferrel Opolar cells: convective cells that lift the wind w/a rotation at higher latitudes north
OUTDOOR AIR POLLLITION
-> Air pollutants: gasses and particulate material added to the atmosphere: can affect climate or harm people
-> outdoor Cambient) air pollution: Pollution outside
· Has recently decreased due to government policy and improved technologies in developed countries
-> pust storms:millions and tons of dust blown westward across the Atlantic ocean by trade winds
↳ From Africa to the Americas, unsustainable farming and grazing, erosion, desertification
WE CREATE VARIOUS SOURCES AND TYPES OF OLITDOOR AIR POLLUTION
o point sources: specific spots where large quantities of pollutants are discharged (power plants & factories
o
wonpoint sources: more diffuse, consisting of many small sources (automobiles
o
primary pollutants: directly harmful and can react to form harmful substances (soot and CO2
·secondary pollutants: form when primary pollutants interact or react wl constitutes or components of the atmosphere
-> 4 categories from the Canadian env
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION COMMONLY IDENTIFIES HARMFUL AIRBORNE SUBSTANCES protection act
·criteria air containments: pollutants judged to pose especially great threats to human health, produced by processes
including burning of fossil fuels, e.g. so, N oxides
o persistent organic pollutants: can last in the environment for long periods of time, can enter food supply, bioaccumulate
In body tissues. (PCBIDDT'S (
·Heavy metals: Are poisonous even in low concentrations, accumulate in body tissues (mercury and leads
F
FINALS
#ESC 101
, (H 11.3 (2 in
Fisies =
G() FER1i3] ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE & AIR POLLLITION
THE ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER
-> ATMOSPHERE: The thin 144er of casses that surrounds Earth: Absorbs rediction and moderates Climate (links to CH 14),
transports and recycles water and nutrients: 78%. NODS, 211.02<4S, 1%. other casses
·
Its four layers differ in temperature, density and composition
T HE ATMOSPHERE IS LAYERED
OTROPOSPHERE: Bottomost layer (Dir is denser than in higher layers
->
Temperature declines w/ pltitude (warmest OECrths surface), weather (and vertical mixing of Girl
-> TROPOPAUSE is like Dcelp that limits mixing between troposphere and the layer above it
· STRATOSPHERE: 11-50kM(7-31mi): Drier and less dense, little vertical mixing
·
MESOSPHERE: 50-80km(31-S6m) above see IVI: extreme low air pressure, temp decrease with altitude
·
THERMOSPHERE: Atmosphere's top10yer: Extends upward to 500m(300 mi)
ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES INCLUDE TEMP, PRESSURE, AND HLIMIDITY
-> Atmospheric pressure, density, relative humidity and temp contribute to causing air mumt in the troposphere
· Atmospheric pressure: measures the force per unit area produced by a column of Dir
·
Relative humidity: A measure of the # of H2O vapor a given volume of air contains
*So14Ir energy nexts the atmosphere, helps create seasons, and causes air to circulate
·
Land and water Absorb solar energy, reradiate next, H20 evaporates.
o convective circulation: less dense, warmer air rises and creates vertical currents: rising air expands and cools, cool air descends
becomes denser, replacing warm air, influences both weather and climate
AIR MASSES INTERACT TO PRODLICE WEATHER
-> in normal conditions air temp decreases as altitude increases but in some circumstances;
Thermal inversion: a layer of cool air occurs beneath a layer of warmer air: the lower cool air being neavier, resists
rising and mixing
· URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT: Buildings, cars, pavements etc. Cdsorb concentrate neat
-> They interact wl Earths rotation
to produce global wind patterns
LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION SYSTEMS PRODLICE GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS
-
·
Hadley Cells: a pair of convective air currents near the equator where surface air warms, rises, and expands
·
Ferrel Opolar cells: convective cells that lift the wind w/a rotation at higher latitudes north
OUTDOOR AIR POLLLITION
-> Air pollutants: gasses and particulate material added to the atmosphere: can affect climate or harm people
-> outdoor Cambient) air pollution: Pollution outside
· Has recently decreased due to government policy and improved technologies in developed countries
-> pust storms:millions and tons of dust blown westward across the Atlantic ocean by trade winds
↳ From Africa to the Americas, unsustainable farming and grazing, erosion, desertification
WE CREATE VARIOUS SOURCES AND TYPES OF OLITDOOR AIR POLLUTION
o point sources: specific spots where large quantities of pollutants are discharged (power plants & factories
o
wonpoint sources: more diffuse, consisting of many small sources (automobiles
o
primary pollutants: directly harmful and can react to form harmful substances (soot and CO2
·secondary pollutants: form when primary pollutants interact or react wl constitutes or components of the atmosphere
-> 4 categories from the Canadian env
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION COMMONLY IDENTIFIES HARMFUL AIRBORNE SUBSTANCES protection act
·criteria air containments: pollutants judged to pose especially great threats to human health, produced by processes
including burning of fossil fuels, e.g. so, N oxides
o persistent organic pollutants: can last in the environment for long periods of time, can enter food supply, bioaccumulate
In body tissues. (PCBIDDT'S (
·Heavy metals: Are poisonous even in low concentrations, accumulate in body tissues (mercury and leads
