AAMC FL3 BB Question with complete solution 2023

AAMC FL3 BB Question with complete solution 2023Individual M has longer limbs and muscles than Individual N. Both individuals lift the same amount of weight from the ground to their shoulders an equal number of times. If all repetitions were completed in synchrony, which statement about the amount of work completed by the individuals is true? At the end of the workout: A.both individuals will have done the same amount of work because the force was applied for the same duration of time. B.Individual M will have done less work because the object was moved a greater distance. C.Individual N will have done less work because the object was moved a shorter distance. D.Individual M will have done more work because the muscle contracted faster to achieve synchrony with Individual N. passage: The length of a muscle fiber does not contribute to the force it generates. Length, however, is important in determining how much work the muscle can do. Assuming two muscles have the same CSA, the longer muscle would perform more work because work is the product of force times the distance shortened. C.Individual N will have done less work because the object was moved a shorter distance. this is stated in the passage. Answer choice D is wrong because work is not dependent on speed. work= force x distance What are the relative potentials for force and power generation by a slow-twitch muscle fiber and a fast-twitch muscle fiber of the same diameter? A.The slow-twitch and fast-twitch fibers possess the same potentials for force and power generation. B.The slow-twitch fiber is capable of generating more force than the fast-twitch fiber, while the potential for power generation is the same. C.The fast-twitch fiber is capable of generating more power than the slow-twitch fiber, while the potential for force generation is the same. D.The fast-twitch fiber is capable of generating more force than the slow-twitch fiber, while the potential for power generation is the same. passage: certain types of exercise can increase fiber diameter (hypertrophy). This effect is largely limited to fast-twitch fibers. When these fibers are stimulated by anaerobic exercise such as weight lifting or sprinting, the size of myofibrils is increased via enhanced synthesis of contractile proteins. As a result, the fibers exhibit greater contractile strength and, because their fibers hydrolyze ATP at a greater rate, increased power. Fast-twitch fiber metabolism is largely limited to glycolytic pathways. Slow-twitch fibers do not undergo hypertrophy in response to anaerobic exercise. These endurance fibers are adapted for aerobic exercises such as long distance running and cycling and respond with increased oxidative capacity for ATP production. C.The fast-twitch fiber is capable of generating more power than the slow-twitch fiber, while the potential for force generation is the same. this is literally given to you in the passage :) Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur in a muscle fiber that is metabolizing anaerobically? A.Fermentation of glucose to lactic acid B.Phosphorylation of ADP within the electron transport chain C.Depletion of stores of glycogen D.Acidification of the cytoplasm electron transport chain will never occur during anaerobic metabolism. it needs oxygen! Assuming the duration of contraction is the same, which point on the power curve corresponds to the LEAST amount of work being done by the muscle? A.Point A B.Point B C.Point C D.Point D for this question, we need to think about the work formula. work = force x distance. A has the lowest amount if force. We can also treat velocity on the y axis of the graph as distance as well because the units are meters/second. According to the passage, relative to slow-twitch fibers, fast-twitch fibers are likely to exhibit which property? A.Greater Ca2+-pumping capacity B.Increased capillary density C.More mitochondria D.Higher levels of oxygen-binding proteins You know from the passage that fast twice uses anaerobic exercise. this will immediately cross out d and c. capillary density would also be with slow twitch fibers. A is the correct answer because ca2+ pumping capacity would increase because these muscles are faster. Based on the information in the passage, what is the most likely mechanism of inheritance for HPRCC? A.Autosomal dominant B.Autosomal recessive C.X-linked recessive D.Y linked C and D are out because there is nothing in the passage to indicate that they are sex linked genes. you read the pedigree wrong :( you can see that the trait is dominant in the first one because 3/4 have the allele while 1 does not. also the parents in the second generation have both unaffected and affected kiddos. this could only be due to a dominant allele. Based on these results, the MET mutation is what type of mutation? A.Purine to purine B.Purine to pyrimidine C.Pyrimidine to purine D.Pyrimidine to pyrimidine you see this go from thymine to cytosine which is pyrimidine to pyrimidine. Histidine structure basic. has conjugated cyclopentane ring Which amino acid residue is involved in the bond that joins the α and β subunits of HGF? A.A B.C C.S D.Y passage says they are joined together by a disulfide bond B. cysteine is the only AA that can make disulfide bonds :) Which of the following animal pairs best illustrates the outcome of convergent evolution? A.The dolphin and the shark B.The domestic sheep and the mountain goat C.The polar bear and the panda bear D.The light-colored and the dark-colored forms of the peppered moth Convergent evolution occurs when organisms that are in similar environments have similiar changes happen to them but super different species. POE: C- these species are related. D- this is the same species B- these species are similar This leaves us with A. Sharks are cartilaginous fishies. Dolphins are mammals. These are hella unrelated. convergent evolution Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Assume that a certain species with sex chromosomes R and S exists such that RR individuals develop as males and RS individuals develop as females. Which of the following mechanisms would most likely compensate for the potential imbalance of sex-chromosome gene products between males and females of this species? A.Inactivation of one R chromosome in males B.Doubling transcription from the S chromosome in females C.Inactivation of the R chromosome in females D.Doubling transcription from the R chromosomes in males So let's think about this question this way. Females have a double x chromosome and one is inactivated (barr body). This would also need to occur. A. Kallman Syndrome is a disease in which gonadotropin-releasing hormone producing neurons fail to migrate from the olfactory area to the hypothalamus during embryonic development. Which endocrine axis is disrupted in individuals with Kallman Syndrome? A.The stress axis B.The growth hormone axis C.The thyroid axis D.The reproductive axis D. gonadotropin!!! = sex organs