ECS3706 EXAM PACK 2022(COMPLETE)

Which of the following Is related to public order crimes and differs from country to country? -ANSWERMoral laws, codes and standards Choose the correct .......... answer may be regarded as the primary objective of organised crime -ANSWEREconomic gain Identify which combination of existing theories can explain conservation crime -ANSWERRational choice, social learning, general theory of crime, neutralisation Which one of the following Is not an example of white-collar crime? -ANSWERAfrican organised crime Crime classification refers to one of the following options -ANSWERThe partition or arrangement of crime data into segments representative of legal definitions of criminal acts, according to recorded crime statIstIcs Why Is the use of the term "public order crimes" preferred against the use of the word "victimless crime"? -ANSWERSecondary victims are involved Around which one of the following does the core syndicate activity m Africa revolve? -ANSWERBlack market business crimes Which term can best be used to describe crime directed at natural resources? -ANSWERConservation crime Which one of the following crimes falls into the category of crime Sutherland had in mind when he defined white-collar crime? -ANSWERCorporate crime Wh1ch country perceives murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault as priority crimes? -ANSWERAmerica Choose the correct option: Victimless crimes may be defined as offences committed by adults with the voluntary and consent of all involved and without any of the parties lodging a complaint with the police -ANSWERmutual Which factor contributes to the incidence of organised crime in South Africa? -ANSWERFavourable geographical position Which form of pollution Is of greater immediate concern than any other type of pollution? -ANSWERAir pollution Embezzlement 1s an example of which one of the following crimes? -ANSWERWhite-collar crime Which factors are strongly related to contact crimes? -ANSWERAlcohol and other substance abuse Prostitution is based on a balance between the supply of available -------- and the demand for ------- to provide the sex act -ANSWERvictims, victims Which theory relating to the explanation of organised criminal activities states that "aberrant behaviour can be viewed as a symptom of the dissociation between culturally defined asp1rat1ons and socially structured means"? -ANSWERAnomie theory Which form of pollution 1s regarded as one of the oldest environmental problems, usually ascribed to urbanisation, industrialisation and waste disposal? -ANSWERWater pollution Employee theft is primarily explained m terms of which one of the following factors? -ANSWERJob dissatisfaction Which factors influence Advance Fee Fraud (AFF)? -ANSWERImport of consumer and economic investment goods Which type of prostitutes 1s most likely to be impoverished representatives of ethnic or racial minorities? -ANSWERStreet workers Indicate on which type of crime does the ma,n focus fall m terms of transnational and international organised crime 1n Mozambique? -ANSWERdrug trafficking Choose the correct option Policing should, 1n its widest sense, involve the of risk, alongside criminal investigation and other law enforcement activities -ANSWERmanagement Wildlife trade is regarded as the ............ biggest illegal trade in the world -ANSWERsecond When a factory dumps hazardous waste in a river, it is an example of which one of the following categories of crime? -ANSWERcorporate crime Discuss the nature and extent of conservation crime -ANSWER1. Environmental pollution 2. Air pollution 3. Water pollution 4. Solid and hazardous waste pollution 5. 3.7.1.4 Noise pollution 6. 3.7.2 Illegal trade in endangered species 7. 3.7.3 Transnational conservation crime 8. 3.7.4 The problem of waste Identify and discuss the different theoretical explanations for white collar crime -ANSWER1. An ethical explanation for white collar crime 2. A psychological explanation for corporate crime Define prostitution and discuss the different types of prostitutes -ANSWERProstitution 1. Prostitution-as-work 2. Prostitution-as-exploitation 3. Prostitution in South Africa Types of prostitution 1. Streetwalkers 2. Bar girls 3. Brothel prostitutes 4. Call girls 5. Escort services/call houses 6. Circuit travellers 7. Skeezers 8. Massage parlours/photo studios Critically discuss the different types of white collar crime -ANSWER• misappropriation of pension funds • advertisements that deliberately mislead potential buyers • labour offences where workers are exposed to unsafe conditions • inadequate monitoring of unsafe products. • bribing politicians or political parties in order to secure lucrative contracts Discuss the characteristics of organised crime according to Glick (1995), Reid (1997), Lyman and Potter (2004) -ANSWER• Organisational continuity. • Hierarchical structure. • Restricted/exclusive membership. • Criminality/violence/power. • Legitimate business involvement. • Use of specialists. Herbig (2004) believes that failure to classify and/or recognise conservation crime as a unique crime category could promote .• perceptions of this type of crime among criminological scholars and conservation officials. -ANSWERrigid and ignorant Foundations for an environmental perspective In criminology have been laid. Which perspective 1s required for dual purposes of innovation and consolidation? -ANSWERrecognition of a viable and unambiguous criminological perspective Which of the following will best describe the inhumane severe penalties in Saudi Arabia? -ANSWERmurder and rape are punished by cutting off the offender's head by sword in public The extent of corporate violence 1s difficult to determine Zimmer (2007) writes that current global statistics show that ........ work-related deaths occur annually, and that between 1,7 and 2 million of these deaths can be attributed to fatal (occupational) diseases -ANSWER21 million The phrase "they are the aristocrats of prostitution refers to the following type of prostitute -ANSWERcall girls When def ming the concept consensual crime, one issue 1s the fact whether an the participants are capable of giving genuine consent This may not be the case 1f one or more of the participants -ANSWERare not fully Informed about the issues involved According to Mesopotamian writings, which one of the following drugs Is also known as the plant of joy? -ANSWERopium According to Makhada and Roelofse (2013), two of the reported cases were withdrawn 1n Musina, Limpopo for one of the following reasons -ANSWERwitnesses had died Much of what the average South African citizen assimilates and understands about organised crime originates from the -ANSWERMass media Contact crime frequently affects victims m one of the following ways (SAPS Annual Report , SAPS website 2007/2008} -ANSWERpost-traumatic stress disorder Different ethnic groups in South Africa are guilty of using drugs At the beginning of the nineties, white youths introduced the international rave culture to the country with a conconmitant increase m the so-called club drugs Club drugs refer to -ANSWERecstacy Efficient crime classification should encompass one of the following criteria -ANSWERsimplicity In criminological circles environmental criminology refers to -ANSWERa growing field that explores actual criminal events involving interaction between motivated indIviduals and their socio-economic, legal and physical surrounding According to American crime statistics the most serious crime committed 1s -ANSWERaggravated murder Waste may be defined as hazardous 1f 1t has one of the following characteristics. -ANSWERhighly inflammable According to Walsh and Hemmens (2008), which of the following elements best describes corporate crime? -ANSWERcriminal activities on behalf of a business organisation Pollution should be considered Just as reprehensible as crimes in the pollution sphere and should therefore be addressed with as much vigour as crimes involving more corporeal and sentient resources because -ANSWERthe biotic and ab1otic natural resources are co- dependent on each other. According to .. , the term "organised crime" tS frequently used but 1s difficult to define Choose the most correct authority from the following -ANSWERGlick The National Drug Master Plan for South Africa distinguishes between three groups of dependency-forming substances Preferred use Is based on which group? -ANSWEROpium, Rohypnol, KetamIne and Wellconal Which one of the following increases in some of the subcategories of contact crime Is the most correct crime figures when the SAPS Annual Report 2007/2008 Is compared with the 2006/2007 Annual Report? -ANSWERaggravated robberies increased by 66.0% Defining the concept "prostitution" Is not an easy task, especially 1n an African context The conventional understanding of prostitution usually encompasses the following -ANSWERthe exchange of sexual acts for money or goods Rehabilitation for a drug addict costs about R50 000 for six months Heroin addiction costs an addict between ...... and ...... a month -ANSWERR20 000, R30 000 Which one of the following terms best describes the study of natural resources crime from a criminological perspective? -ANSWERconservation criminology The Liberal Feminist position resembles that of the contractarians The core liberal argument focuses on individual rights The organisatIon. Is an example of a liberal feminist group. -ANSWERCOYOTE Brantingham and Brantingham (1981) describe ecological criminology as -ANSWERprimarily associated with the study of spatial patterns of crime in an urban context. In South Africa the focus on serious crimes has constantly been shifting. In the 1980s the following crimes were perceived as serious -ANSWERbank robberies and political crimes Which one of the following legislative measures states that everyone has the right to an environment that Is not harmful to their health or well-being? -ANSWERSection 24 of the Bi11 of Rights in the 1996 Constitution In an attempt to define organised crime m South Africa the focus should be on -ANSWERthe nature of the activities of a criminal organisation Which organisation holds the view that prostitution Is inherently exploitative and that domination and violence are essential features of prostitution -ANSWERWHISPER According to the Department of Correctional Services' 2008 offender population outlay, an alarming fact 1s that the majority of offenders (adult males and females, Juvenile and youth offenders) were serving sentences for which of the following crimes? -ANSWERaggressive crimes Which one of the following is an example of corporate crime? -ANSWERemployee theft, fraud and embezzlement In one of the most comprehensive studies of employee theft, Clark and Hollinger (2002) found that about one third of the more than 9 000 people they interviewed, admitted to stealing from their employers What were the characteristics displayed by these employees? -ANSWERyoung, female and unmarried Causative factors of drug use m women are complex It has been found that such women often grew up m an environment characterised by -ANSWERviolence and being economically marginalised or with parents who use drugs Companies m developed countries frequently abuse developing countries by entering into lucrative agreements to dump toxic waste m their waters and on their ground An example of one such a company is -ANSWERThor Chemicals Tombs and Whyte (2010) describe white-collar crime as -ANSWERa heterogeneous group of offences According to the SAPS Annual Report () It 1s interesting that 66 0% of aJI aggravated robberies are street/public robberies and that most of these robberies occur In one of the following black mega townships· -ANSWERKhayelltsha Which one of the following may be regarded as a prominent characteristic of organised crime? -ANSWERacquired power and control The nature of organised crime In South Africa shows similarities with international findings in that various ......... are connected. -ANSWERcriminal act1v1ties According to South and Beirne (1998) the term ......... green criminology" refers to -ANSWERthe study of crime and its negative impact on natural resources. Post-1994, the South African Crime Prevention Plan identified one of the following priority national crimes: -ANSWERcrimes involving firearms Sutherland found that white-collar crime Is often committed by: -ANSWERpowerful people An early definition of a prostitute Is found In R v Kam Cham (2009) 1n which a prostitute Is defined as -ANSWERa person who engages indiscriminately in sexual relations for pecuniary reward There Is a distinction between public order and political crimes In public order crimes. -ANSWERthe community suffers cumulatively Prostitution In South Africa has been illegal since the -ANSWER1950s Swanepoel (1998) identified three categories of illegal trade 1n rhino horn One of them 1s the following -ANSWERpoachers The categories of behaviour most commonly associated with organised crime include -ANSWERthe conspiracy to commit crime and corruption In South Africa the focus on serious and priority crimes has constantly shifted since the 1980s With the new millennium, attention shifted to which one of the following crimes? -ANSWERvehicle hijackings Conklin (2001) discusses the following offence under the heading of victimless crimes -ANSWERdrug-related offences The Priority Crimes Litigation Unit (PCLU) is a specialist prosecution unit of the National Prosecuting Services (NPS) Which priority crime 1s managed by the PCLU? -ANSWERprosecutions arising from crimes involving terrorism Reid (1997) states that the cost of organised crime to society is impossible to determine as it goes beyond the -ANSWERloss of money Identify the missing word in the following definition of conservation crime "any intentional or negligent human activity or ........ that impacts negatively on the earth's biotic and/or abiotic natural resources" -ANSWERmanipulation The following excerpt "lndividuals are able to avoid moral blame and maintain their self-esteem while violating the law if they tell themselves and others that they had no crimin