Nurs 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm with accurate solutions available

Apoptosis - ANSA form of programmed cell death that eliminates senescent cells, DNA,, and damage or unwanted cells. Neoplastic cells do not die off (apoptosis) to keep the number of total cells constant. - ANS Labile Cell - ANSContinuously dividing tissues are those in which cells continue to divide and replicate throughout our life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. They include the surface epithelial cells of the skin, oral cavity, vagina, and cervix; the columnar epithelium of the gi tract, uterus, and fallopian tubes; the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract; and bone marrow cells. These tissues can easily regenerate after injury as long as a pool of stem cells is preserved. Stable cells - ANSCells that normally stop dividing when growth stops. cells in these tissues remain dormant in the G0 stage of the cell cycle. They are, however, capable of undergoing regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus. Stable cells constitute the parenchyma of solid organs such as the liver and kidney. They also include smooth muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, the proliferation is particularly important to wound healing. Permanent Cell - ANSCells in the permanent tissues to not proliferate. they are considered to be terminally differentiated and do not undergo mitotic division in postnatal cells. They include nerve cells, skeletal muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells. These cells do not normally regenerate; once destroyed they are replaced with fibrous scar tissue that lacks the functional characteristics of the destroyed tissue. Cell Cycle - ANSPage 72 of textbook Proto-Oncogene - ANSNormal genes that become cancer-causing genes if mutated. They encode for normal cell proteins such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, transcription factors that promote cell growth, cell cycle proteins and inhibitors of apoptosis. Proto-oncogenes are associated with gene overactivity. Oncogenesis - ANS3 stages: Initiation; Promotion; Progression Initiation - ANSInitial mutations occur by a carcinogenic agent such as chemicals, radiation, or viruses causing DNA damage and cell mutation Promotion - ANSmutated cells are stimulated to divide- activation of oncogenes by promoter agent Progression - ANStumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations which make them more aggressive