AQA A Level History Tudors- Henry VII all in one comprehensive notes

AQA A Level History Tudors- Henry VII Why did Henry VII backdate his reign? - Effectively accused those who fought on Richard III's side in Bosworth (22 August 1485) of committing treason How did Henry VII use incentives to control the nobility? - - Used Patronage less than his predecessors; Jasper Tudor was made Duke of Bedford - Created 37 Knights of the Garter, who were given prestige but not land - 5 key Councillors on the King's Council had supported Henry before Bosworth: Bray, Daubeney, Guildford, Lovell and Riselly How did Henry VII use punishments to control the nobility? - - Passed 138 Acts of Attainder and only reversed 46 - Used Feudal Dues, e.g. Duchess of Buckingham was fined £6,000 in 1507 for marrying without Henry VII's permission - 1486 Acts of Resumption withdrew Crown Lands lost during Wars of Roses - 1485 and 1504 Acts against Retaining; nobles had to gain a license personally from Henry VII to retain - 36 out of 62 noble families under Bonds and Recognisances by the end of Henry VII's reign Council Learned in Law - Dealt with financial debts and affairs, becoming key in maintaining and ensuring obedience. Empson and Dudley's use of extortion meant that Henry VII became unpopular- their execution in 1510 was greeted with rejoicing in the streets. Parliament - Only called Parliament 7 times. Henry VII was coronated on the 30th October 1485 before he called Parliament for the first time (7th November 1485) to assert his authority as a monarch who could rule without Parliament. Crown Lands - 1486 Acts of Resumption- Henry VII inherited all the lands held by the Houses of York and Lancaster, the Earldoms of Richmond and Warwick, the Duchy of Lancaster and the Principality of Wales. By the end of Henry VII's reign, the size of Crown Lands was 5 times larger. Custom Duties - Taxes on imported goods. Henry VII was receiving £40,000 per annum. Benevolences - Forced loans with no repayment, e.g. in 1491 this allowed Henry VII to raise £48500 to take an army to France. 1486 Lovell and Staffords Rebellion - Tried to rise up against Henry VII but there was little support for an uprising in the Yorkist heartlands, so the rebellion was easily suppressed. Lovell fled to the Court of Margaret of Burgundy, Humphrey Stafford was executed and Thomas Stafford was pardoned. Lambert Simnel and Earl of Lincoln - Pretended to be the Earl of Warwick and was crowned King of England in Ireland in 1486. Henry VII exhibited the real Earl of Warwick in London. Simnel's mercenaries (from Margaret of Burgundy) were defeated by Henry VII at the battle of Stoke in 1487. Lincoln was killed whilst Simnel became a kitchen help in Court. 1486 and 1489 Navigation Acts - Aimed to encourage English shipping by trying to ensure that only English ships could carry certain products to and from English ports. Limited as foreign vessels continued to transport a certain proportion of English exports. This endangered future trade with the Hanse merchants. 1489 Act against Enclosure - Act was passed against conversion to pasture and the pulling down of houses out of fear that it would increase vagrancy and reduce grain production, but the Act was not enforced. The terms of the act were motivated by a desire to protect royal interests rather than local populations. Enclosure became more of a problem under Elizabeth I. 1489 Treaty of Medina del Campo - Marriage of Arthur and Catherine agreed (occurs in 1501) with £40,000 dowry- the size of this dowry caused complications. Spain would not support English rebels and easier trading for Spanish and English merchants. Support in war with France 1489 Yorkshire Tax Revolt - Triggered by Parliament's decision to raise £100,000 in taxes for Henry VII's Brittany campaign as Yorkshire had previously been exempt from taxes due to them having to fight off Scotland at the border. Rebellion easily crushed by Henry VII's forces (led by Earl of Surrey). Henry VII issued many pardons but his tax quota for the region was not fulfilled. Perkin Warbeck - Pretender who sought attracted the help and patronage of many European leaders, especially James IV in 1495. 1496 Scottish invasion with Warbeck easily crushed. 1497 Treaty of Ayton meant James IV handed Warbeck over to Henry VII. 1492 Treaty of Etaples - France would pay Henry VII £159,000 in exchange for the withdrawal of Henry VII's troops from France. 1495 John Cabot arrived in England from Italy to seek Henry VII's support for a voyage across the Atlantic. - Henry VII offered Cabot £50 but would commit more if the voyage was successful. In 1497 Cabot claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage, but died on the return journey. 1496 First use of a blast furnace seen in Sussex and Kent - Used to melt mined ore 1496 Intercursus Magnus - Removed trade embargo in Burgundy. 1497 Cornish Tax Revolt - Triggered by Parliament's decision to raise taxes for Henry VII's campaign against James IV and Warbeck as Cornwall was too far from Scotland for the Cornish to feel that they should have to pay. 15,000 rebels camped on Blackenheath near London; Henry VII recalled the army he'd sent North and crushed the rebels- 10,000 rebels were killed whilst the leaders (An Gof and Flamank) were executed. 1502 Death of Prince Arthur - Ferdinand reluctant to accept Henry VII's proposal of marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine. 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace - Agreed to end the intermittent warfare between Scotland and England which had been waged over the previous two hundred years and although it failed in this respect, as the hostility continued intermittently throughout the 16th century, it led to the Union of the Crowns 101 years later. Agreed the marriage between James IV and Margaret Tudor. 1502 Henry VII approved the architectural style for Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey - Renaissance influences led to a vast number of churches to be built in the Gothic perpendicular style. Henry VII used this chapel as propaganda by making it extravagant and filled with Tudor roses. 1504 Death of Isabella of Castile - Ferdinand became a less politically important figure; Henry VII lost interest in a marriage alliance and supported Juana of Castile, Philip of Burgundy's wife and sister of Catherine, in the Castilian Succession Crisis. Furious, Ferdinand promised to not let Prince Henry and Catherine marry in Henry VII's reign. 1505 Merchant Adventurers of London granted a charter by Henry VII - Enabled them to appoint a governor and hire 24 assistants. 1506 Treaty of Windsor - Philip promises to extradite the Earl of Suffolk, a Yorkist claimant/pretender, and a marriage is arranged between his sister, Margaret of Austria, and Henry. 1505 Henry VII capitulated and restored the Hanse to the favourable position they had enjoyed under Edward IV through an act of parliament. - This was possibly because Henry VII feared that the Hanse would seek revenge (as Henry VII had allied with their rivals) and support the Earl of Suffolk. The act was a significant commercial loss for England. 1506 Intercursus Malus - A trade agreement so harsh on the Burgundians that it is never enforced, but Henry VII appeared to improve the trading position of English merchants. 1506 Death of Philip of Burgundy - Ferdinand dubbed Juana of Castile as mad and became King of Castile. Henry VII was now diplomatically isolated. 1509 Henry VII supported Sebastian Cabot (John's son) who sought passage around America to Asia. - Cabot, believing he had discovered a new channel leading to China, had discovered the Hudson Strait, but when he returned Henry VIII was now king and much less interested by exploration. England had gained more knowledge of North America than any other European state but this was not exploited by Henry VIII, and it was not until Elizabeth I's era that maritime activity resumed again. Elizabeth of York - - married in 1486 so couldn't be claimed she owed Henry the throne - papal dispensation showed recognition - became Queen in 1487 Usurper - - not strong claim to throne - on the other hand he made his reign officially start 1 day before the Battle of Bosworh so Richard was seen as a traitor Father's Side - - grandmother was Queen of England - however grandfather was squire Mother's Side - - descendant of Edward III but born out of wedlock - Richard II legitmised their claim - yet Henry VI disinherited them Yorkshire Rebellion 1489 - - needed parliamentary grant of £100,000 to aid Brittany - not welcome as poor harvests + usually exempt from tax as they protected the Scottish border + Henry was Lancastrian - Earl of Northumberland was murdered by malcontents after Henry refused his case - New Earl was a minor and became Henry's ward - offered pardons to most involved - no tax collected in the end from here, only £27,000 altogether Cornish Rebellion 1497 - - parliamentary grant to defend against Warbeck/James - didn't affect them - 15,000 marched from Bodmin to London with no resistance led by Lord Audley - Lord Daubeney fought them with 25,000 troops - 1000 Cornish died, others fled/imprisoned - main leaders executed with others fined Lambert Simnel 1487 - - posed as Earl of Warwick - real one was exhibited - many nobles were declared traitors and put under house arrest just in case - gained support from Ireland, Lovell, Earl of Lincoln and Margaret of Burgundy - Henry offered pardons to longstanding rebels fearing they'd defect - The Battle of Stoke - lost and became turnspit Perkin Warbeck 1491-9 - - claimed to be Richard of York - Charles VIII supported him until Treaty of Etaples (1492) - Magaret of Burgundy + Maximilian recognised him - Invaded Deal in 1495 yet abandoned them and made an unsuccessful siege at Waterford - fled to Scotland in 1496 and married James IV's cousin - failed invasion + peace treaty with James - Henry let him stay in court in 1497 yet he fled and tried to gain support where he failed and abandoned the forces he did have - executed in 1499 De la Poles - - both brothers went with other Yorkists to Flanders - in storm with Philip of Burgundy 1506 where he was handed over