Praxis Chapter 1-3 Exam with Complete Solutions

What structures work together to allow human beings to communicate? - ANSWER-*Respiration*- breathing supplies the energy *Phonation*- voicing produces voice *Resonation*- modification of voice produced at laryngeal level. *Articulation*- speech in connected speech and isolation. What structural framework provides respiration? - ANSWER-Lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, and rib cage. Inhalation - ANSWER-brings oxygen to the blood Exhalation - ANSWER-Gets rid of mixed air and gases that result from respiratory metabolism. Speech is produced on exhalation. Respiration - ANSWER-Exchange of gas between an organism and its environment. Process of inhalation - ANSWER-1. Inhalation 2. Chest and lungs *expand* 3. Diaphragm *lowers* 4. Air flows in through nose and mouth 5. Air goes down pharynx and between open vocal folds 6. Air continues downward through trachea and bronchial tubes 7. Air reaches final destination of lungs When a person is at rest how much vital capacity does the lungs have? - ANSWER-40% Inhale process - ANSWER-air in - larynx - trachea - lungs - expand Exhalation process - ANSWER-air up towards trachea Trachea - ANSWER-20 rings of cartilage What muscles are important for inspiration? - ANSWER-Intercostal - internal and external Respiration provides the ____ for speech. - ANSWER-Energy Voice box - ANSWER-Larynx Laryngeal function and voicing - ANSWER-Cortical areas, the cerebellum, and cranial nerves VII, X. The larynx lies - ANSWER-at the top of the trachea in the anterior portion of the neck. The larynx houses the - ANSWER-vocal cords Adduct - ANSWER-move toward the middle Abduct - ANSWER-Move away from the middle When a person is breathing quietly the vocal folds ____. - ANSWER-Abduct What are the three biological functions of the larynx - ANSWER-1. closure the trachea so foreign substances do not enter the airway 2. production of the cough reflex to expel foreign substances that accidentally enter the trachea 3. Closure of the vocal folds to build subglottic pressure for physical tasks such as Hyoid bone - ANSWER-Floats under mandible or lower jaw. Epiglottis - ANSWER-protective structure, leaf shaped piece of cartilage medial to the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone Key carriages of the larynx include - ANSWER-1. thyroid 2. cricoid 3. arytenoid cartilage The thyroid cartilage - ANSWER-Anterior and lateral walls of the larynx and protects the larynx Cricoid cartilage - ANSWER-complete ring of cartilage around trachea Arytenoid - ANSWER-small, pyramid-shaped cartilages connected to the cricoid through the cricoarytenoid joint, which permits sliding and circular movements. What is responsible for controlling speech production - ANSWER-intrinsic laryngeal muscles Intrinsic laryngeal muscles - ANSWER-thyroarytenoid lateral cricoarytenoid transverse arytenoid oblique arytenoid cricothyroid posterior cricoarytenoid Glottis - ANSWER-space between the vocal folds What supports the larynx and fixes its position? - ANSWER-Extrinsic laryngeal muscles False vocal folds - ANSWER-Vibrate at very low fundamental frequency and usually not during normal or typical phonation. Compresses during speech activities as coughing and lifting heavy items. Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory - ANSWER-Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds. What makes the vocal folds vibrate and how many times per second does it vibrate during vocalization? - ANSWER-subglottic pressure and 100 times per second. Reinke's space - ANSWER-superficial layer of lamina propria Without ____ there is no vibration or phonation. - ANSWER-Mucosal wave cortical areas involved in speech motor control including phonation - ANSWER-area 4 - Primary motor cortex area 44 - Broca's areas 3, 1, 2 - Somatosensory cortex area 6 - Supplementary motor cortex Cerebellum - ANSWER-Regulates movement laryngeal muscles Respiration What cranial nerves are involved in vocalization? - ANSWER-VII facial X Vagus Pharynx - ANSWER-Throat What are the only three sounds produced in English with nasal resonance? - ANSWER-m, n, ng Velum (soft palate) - ANSWER-relaxed and low for nasal sounds elevated and retracted for all other sounds. The resonators that modify laryngeal tone - ANSWER-pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity Structures that modify the sounds for speech - ANSWER-pharynx, soft palate, hard palate, mandible, teeth, tongue, lips, cheeks. What causes cleft palate? - ANSWER-Genetic and toxic environmental reasons, the premaxilla may fail to fuse with the maxillary bone. The palatine process may fail to fuse at midline. The tongue muscles are innervated by cranial nerve - ANSWER-XII hypoglossal labial sounds - ANSWER-VII facial m, b, p central nervous system - ANSWER-brainstem, reticular activating system, diencephalon, basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebrum, pyramidal system, connecting fibers in the brain, cerebral ventricles, protective layers in the brain, cerebral blood supply. nerve cell has two parts - ANSWER-nerve fibers, soma, cell body neurons communicate with each other by junctions called - ANSWER-synapses what are two important neurotransmitters in the motor system - ANSWER-dopamine and acetylcholine Sensory neurons also called afferent neurons - ANSWER-carry impulses from the peripheral sense organs toward the brain. Motor neurons are also called efferent neurons - ANSWER-Transmit impulses away from the central nervous system. neurons are - ANSWER-composed of cell bodies, dendrites, axon basic building blocks of the nervous system Cranial nerves - ANSWER-Emerge from the brainstem and are attached to the base of the brain. Part of the lower motor system. Corticobulbar tract of the pyramidal system sensory nerves - ANSWER-afferent Cranial Nerves involved with speech - ANSWER-Tracy -*Trigeminal* (sensory:face, motor:jaw) 5 *V* Forgot- *Facial* (sensory:tongue, motor:face) 7 *VII* Glass- *Glossopharyngeal* (sensory: tongue& pharynx; motor: pharynx) 9 *IX* Vases- *Vagus* (sensory motor: larynx, respiratory, cardiac, gastrointestinal systems) 10 *X* At- *Accessory* (motor: throat movement) 11 *XI* Homegoods- *Hypoglossal* (motor: tongue movement) 12 *XII* Tracy - ANSWER-*Trigeminal* (sensory:face, motor:jaw) 5 *V* Forgot - ANSWER-*Facial* (sensory:tongue, motor:face) 7 *VII* Glass - ANSWER-*Glossopharyngeal* (sensory: tongue& pharynx; motor: pharynx) 9 *IX* Vases - ANSWER-*Vagus* (sensory motor: larynx, respiratory, cardiac, gastrointestinal systems) 10 *X* At - ANSWER-*Accessory* (motor: throat movement) 11 *XI* Homegoods - ANSWER-*Hypoglossal* (motor: tongue movement) 12 *XII* Cranial nerve V innervate - ANSWER-jaw muscles Damage to cranial nerve V - ANSWER-inability to close mouth, difficulty in chewing, and trigeminal neuralgia (sharp pain in the facial area) Damage to VII - ANSWER-mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression. Cranial nerve VII innervate - ANSWER-facial expression and speech Cranial nerve IX innervate - ANSWER-stylopharyngeus, superior laryngeal constrictor Damage to IX - ANSWER-difficulty in swallow, unilateral loss of the gag reflex, and loss of taste and sensation from the posterior third of the tongue. Cranial nerve X - ANSWER-motor: supply digestive system, heart, lungs sensory: convey information from the digestive system, heart, trachea, pharynx, and larynx. Recurrent laryngeal nerve - ANSWER-branch of vagus nerve Damage to this in thyroid surgery may result in total or partial paralysis of the vocal folds. Damage to the cranial nerve X - ANSWER-Variety of sequelae, such as difficulty swallowing, paralysis of the velum, and voice problems if RLN is damaged Cranial nerve XI innervates - ANSWER-the uvula and elevator veil palatine muscles of the soft palate Lesions in cranial nerve XI - ANSWER-neck weakness, paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid, and consequent inability to turn the head, as well as an inability to shrug the shoulders or raise the arm above shoulder level. Cranial nerve XII - ANSWER-supplies three extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles Lesions to cranial nerve XII results in - ANSWER-tongue paralysis, diminished intelligibility, and swallowing problems. Autonomic nervous system - ANSWER-sympathetic "fight or flight" and parasympathetic"relaxation" heartbeat and blood pressure People who stutter may become more dysfluent when - ANSWER-sympathetic branch is aroused Peripheral Nervous System - ANSWER-Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Autonomic nervous system sympathetic branch parasympathetic branch Central Nervous System - ANSWER-Spinal Cord Brain PNS - ANSWER-Sends impulses that lead to actions CNS - ANSWER-Acts as a motor command center for planning, originating, and carrying out the transmission messages. What is the oldest part of the brain? - ANSWER-Brainstem Brainstem consists of - ANSWER-midbrain, pons, medulla Midbrain structures control - ANSWER-motor and sensory structures: postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movements, and coordination of vestibular-generated eye and head movements. What is the function of the pons - ANSWER-transmits information relative to movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. Pons structure controls - ANSWER-hearing, balance, houses the nuclei for the trigeminal (V) and facial (VII) nerves. **important for speech Function of the medulla - ANSWER-controls vital, automatic bodily functions, such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure. Very important in transmitting information to cranial nerves. IX: glossopharyngeal X: vagus XI: accessory