Unit 1: Biochemistry
Types of biological reaction (i.e., hydrolysis, dehydration, etc…)
Case studys, Labs
➔ The four main types of chemical reactions that biological molecules
undergo in the cell are
◆ Neutralization reaction ◆ Oxidation-reduction reaction ◆
Condensation Reaction ◆ Hydrolysis Reaction
Neutralization (Acid-Base) Reactions
➔An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ , when it dissolves in
water
◆acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous
solution
➔A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH− m when it dissolves
in water
◆ Increases the convention of hydroxide ions
◆ Accepts or reacts with hydrogen ions
◆ When an acid interacts with a base, they undergo a neutralization reaction
results in the formation of a salt (an ionic compound) and water.
● Acid + Base → salt + water
◆ As a result of a neutralization reaction, the acid loses its acidic properties
and the base
loses its basic properties.
,Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Oxidation is a process where a molecule loses electrons and
becomes oxidized
◆ When one molecule undergoes oxidation, the reverse process must
also occur to another molecule.
➔ Reduction is a process
where a molecule accepts electrons from an oxidized molecule, and becomes
reduced
➔ Oxidations and reductions
occur at the same time, the whole reaction is called an oxidation
◆ Common type of redox
reaction :
Combustion reaction
● C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
○ The propane is oxidized, and the oxygen is reduced.
○ This reaction also releases a large amount of energy
◆ Cellular respiration is
another type of example
● C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
- The energy released at each step in the series is stored in the form of
chemical bonds of molecules that are made during the process
, Condensation ( dehydration) and Hydrolysis Reactions
➔ The assembly of all four types of biological macromolecules involves a
condensation reaction between the monomers of each polymer.
➔ In a condensation reaction, an H atom is removed from a functional
group on one molecule, and an OH group is removed from another molecule.
◆ The two molecules bond to form a larger molecule and water.
◆ The reaction results in the release of water
➔ The breakdown of macromolecules into their monomers also occurs in
cells
➔ In a hydrolysis reaction, an H atom from water is added to one monomer,
and an OH group is added to the monomer beside that one.
◆ The covalent bond between these monomers breaks and the larger molecule is
split into two smaller molecules
◆ This process involves the addition of water to break the bonds between the
monomers.
Types of biological reaction (i.e., hydrolysis, dehydration, etc…)
Case studys, Labs
➔ The four main types of chemical reactions that biological molecules
undergo in the cell are
◆ Neutralization reaction ◆ Oxidation-reduction reaction ◆
Condensation Reaction ◆ Hydrolysis Reaction
Neutralization (Acid-Base) Reactions
➔An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+ , when it dissolves in
water
◆acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in an aqueous
solution
➔A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions, OH− m when it dissolves
in water
◆ Increases the convention of hydroxide ions
◆ Accepts or reacts with hydrogen ions
◆ When an acid interacts with a base, they undergo a neutralization reaction
results in the formation of a salt (an ionic compound) and water.
● Acid + Base → salt + water
◆ As a result of a neutralization reaction, the acid loses its acidic properties
and the base
loses its basic properties.
,Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Oxidation is a process where a molecule loses electrons and
becomes oxidized
◆ When one molecule undergoes oxidation, the reverse process must
also occur to another molecule.
➔ Reduction is a process
where a molecule accepts electrons from an oxidized molecule, and becomes
reduced
➔ Oxidations and reductions
occur at the same time, the whole reaction is called an oxidation
◆ Common type of redox
reaction :
Combustion reaction
● C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O
○ The propane is oxidized, and the oxygen is reduced.
○ This reaction also releases a large amount of energy
◆ Cellular respiration is
another type of example
● C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
- The energy released at each step in the series is stored in the form of
chemical bonds of molecules that are made during the process
, Condensation ( dehydration) and Hydrolysis Reactions
➔ The assembly of all four types of biological macromolecules involves a
condensation reaction between the monomers of each polymer.
➔ In a condensation reaction, an H atom is removed from a functional
group on one molecule, and an OH group is removed from another molecule.
◆ The two molecules bond to form a larger molecule and water.
◆ The reaction results in the release of water
➔ The breakdown of macromolecules into their monomers also occurs in
cells
➔ In a hydrolysis reaction, an H atom from water is added to one monomer,
and an OH group is added to the monomer beside that one.
◆ The covalent bond between these monomers breaks and the larger molecule is
split into two smaller molecules
◆ This process involves the addition of water to break the bonds between the
monomers.
