Blok 1.1 people in groups term list
Problem 1. Head in the clouds
Affective neuroscience, A field that uses cognitive neuroscience research methods to study emotion
and related processes.
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to
a point of perception.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a
particular response in the brain(in the thalamus) which then changes associated with the emotion and
the emotional experience itself.
Causal schemata, Experience-based beliefs about certain types of cause interact to produce an effect.
Confederate, Someone who appears to be a research participant but actually is part of the research
team.
Emotion is a strong feeling deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
Excitation transfer, The process whereby the arousal caused by one stimulus is added to the arousal
from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus.
Hate crime, A class of violence against members of a stereotyped minority group.
James-Lange theory of emotion, The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the
awareness of one’s own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli.
Self-perception theory, Bem’s idea that we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-
attributions: for example, we infer our own attitudes from our own behaviour.
Two-factor theory of emotion, The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors:
physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal. (Schachter and Singer)
Problem 2. Whodunnit?
Altruism, helping without expecting a reward.
Audience inhabitation, not wanting to help for fear of making yourself look bad.
Black-sheep effect, The tendency for group members to evaluate a group member who performs an
offensive behavior more harshly than an outgroup member who performs the same offence.
Bystander effect, The tendency for people to help less when they know others are present and
capable of helping. The effect was initially thought to be the result of apathy and a selfish
unwillingness to get involved, but research suggests a number of cognitive and social processes,
including diffusion of responsibility and misinterpretation that help is not needed, contribute to the
effect.
Bystander intervention, when an individual breaks out of the group to help another.
Diffusion of responsibility, a reduction of personal responsibility experienced by individuals in
groups and social collectives.
Just-world hypothesis, people need to believe that the world us a just place where one gets what they
deserve. As evidence of undeserved suffering undermines this belief, people may conclude that
victims get what they deserve.
, Pluralistic ignorance, when people think that their behavior/feelings are different from the rest, as a
result each member wrongly interprets the other’s inaction as reflecting their better understanding of
the situation.
Prior commitment, a self-agreement to be more responsible.
Social impact theory, the more people there are in comparisons to the target person(s), the bigger the
social influence.
Social norm, a set of unwritten rules most members of a social group comply with.
Terror management theory, the human motion to reduce the terror of death.
Problem 3. I spy….
Anticonformity, deliberately expressing opinions different from those of the other group members in
order to challenge the group and its standards rather than expressing personal preferences.
Autokinesis, optical illusion in which a pinpoint of light shining in complete darkness appears to
move about.
Compliance, changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests.
Conformity bias, tendeny for social psychology to treat group influence as a one-way process in
which individuals or minorities always conform to majorities.
Conformity, A change in behaviour due to social pressure.
Congruence, agreeing with the norm.
Frame of reference, using the behavior of others to establish the range of possibilities.
Idiosyncrasy credits, interpersonal “credits” that a person earns by following group norms. If enough
credits are accumulated, some deviance will be tolerated.
Informational influence, a reason for conformity based on peoples desires to be correct.
Meta-contrast principle, the prototype of a group is that position within the group that has the
largest ratio of differences to in-group positions to outgroup positions.
Minority influence, social influence processes whereby numerical or power minorities change the
attitudes of the majority.
Normative influence, a reason for conformity based on people desire to be liked(or not appear
foolish).
Private conformity, the change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position
taken by others. (Conversion)
Public conformity, a superficial change in overt behavior without a corresponding change in opinion
that is produced by real or imagined group pressure. (compliance)
Self-categorization Theory, Self-categorization theory is a theory in social psychology that describes
the circumstances under which a person will perceive collections of people (including themselves) as
a group, as well as the consequences of perceiving people in group terms.
Social identity theory, Theory of group memberschip and intergroup relations based in self-
categorization, social comparison and the construction of a shared self-definition.
Problem 1. Head in the clouds
Affective neuroscience, A field that uses cognitive neuroscience research methods to study emotion
and related processes.
Arousal is the physiological and psychological state of being awoken or of sense organs stimulated to
a point of perception.
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, The theory that a stimulus elicits an emotion by triggering a
particular response in the brain(in the thalamus) which then changes associated with the emotion and
the emotional experience itself.
Causal schemata, Experience-based beliefs about certain types of cause interact to produce an effect.
Confederate, Someone who appears to be a research participant but actually is part of the research
team.
Emotion is a strong feeling deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
Excitation transfer, The process whereby the arousal caused by one stimulus is added to the arousal
from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus.
Hate crime, A class of violence against members of a stereotyped minority group.
James-Lange theory of emotion, The theory that the subjective experience of emotion is the
awareness of one’s own bodily reactions in the presence of certain arousing stimuli.
Self-perception theory, Bem’s idea that we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-
attributions: for example, we infer our own attitudes from our own behaviour.
Two-factor theory of emotion, The theory that the experience of emotion is based on two factors:
physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal. (Schachter and Singer)
Problem 2. Whodunnit?
Altruism, helping without expecting a reward.
Audience inhabitation, not wanting to help for fear of making yourself look bad.
Black-sheep effect, The tendency for group members to evaluate a group member who performs an
offensive behavior more harshly than an outgroup member who performs the same offence.
Bystander effect, The tendency for people to help less when they know others are present and
capable of helping. The effect was initially thought to be the result of apathy and a selfish
unwillingness to get involved, but research suggests a number of cognitive and social processes,
including diffusion of responsibility and misinterpretation that help is not needed, contribute to the
effect.
Bystander intervention, when an individual breaks out of the group to help another.
Diffusion of responsibility, a reduction of personal responsibility experienced by individuals in
groups and social collectives.
Just-world hypothesis, people need to believe that the world us a just place where one gets what they
deserve. As evidence of undeserved suffering undermines this belief, people may conclude that
victims get what they deserve.
, Pluralistic ignorance, when people think that their behavior/feelings are different from the rest, as a
result each member wrongly interprets the other’s inaction as reflecting their better understanding of
the situation.
Prior commitment, a self-agreement to be more responsible.
Social impact theory, the more people there are in comparisons to the target person(s), the bigger the
social influence.
Social norm, a set of unwritten rules most members of a social group comply with.
Terror management theory, the human motion to reduce the terror of death.
Problem 3. I spy….
Anticonformity, deliberately expressing opinions different from those of the other group members in
order to challenge the group and its standards rather than expressing personal preferences.
Autokinesis, optical illusion in which a pinpoint of light shining in complete darkness appears to
move about.
Compliance, changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests.
Conformity bias, tendeny for social psychology to treat group influence as a one-way process in
which individuals or minorities always conform to majorities.
Conformity, A change in behaviour due to social pressure.
Congruence, agreeing with the norm.
Frame of reference, using the behavior of others to establish the range of possibilities.
Idiosyncrasy credits, interpersonal “credits” that a person earns by following group norms. If enough
credits are accumulated, some deviance will be tolerated.
Informational influence, a reason for conformity based on peoples desires to be correct.
Meta-contrast principle, the prototype of a group is that position within the group that has the
largest ratio of differences to in-group positions to outgroup positions.
Minority influence, social influence processes whereby numerical or power minorities change the
attitudes of the majority.
Normative influence, a reason for conformity based on people desire to be liked(or not appear
foolish).
Private conformity, the change of beliefs that occurs when a person privately accepts the position
taken by others. (Conversion)
Public conformity, a superficial change in overt behavior without a corresponding change in opinion
that is produced by real or imagined group pressure. (compliance)
Self-categorization Theory, Self-categorization theory is a theory in social psychology that describes
the circumstances under which a person will perceive collections of people (including themselves) as
a group, as well as the consequences of perceiving people in group terms.
Social identity theory, Theory of group memberschip and intergroup relations based in self-
categorization, social comparison and the construction of a shared self-definition.
