TCC EXAM 1 Top Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, verified.

TCC EXAM 1 Top Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, verified. Lifespan development examines patterns of growth, change, and __________ in human behavior across the life span. - -Stability How are the developmental periods of infancy and adolescence similar? - -Both have a fairly clear-cut boundary for when they begin. Robin grew up in a public housing project in Chicago. Grant grew up at the same time in an affluent suburb of Chicago. When Robin and Grant meet in college, we can expect that in general they will __________. - -share history-graded influences but differ in sociocultural-graded influences Compared to young children, adults have a much harder time learning a new language. Researchers studying this phenomenon are mainly addressing which key issue in development? - -critical versus sensitive periods In the nature versus nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to __________. - -environmental influences Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that behavior is largely motivated by subconscious inner forces and memories? - -psychodynamic Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment? - -behavioral How are assimilation and accommodation similar? - -Both are ways to bring about cognitive development. A parent who provides less and less guidance each time a child tries a puzzle is using __________. - -scaffolding The __________ perspective identifies behaviors that are the result of genetic inheritance. - -evolutionary The __________ is the process of posing and answering research questions using controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data. - -scientific method If a journalist uses a correlational study to suggest that eating dark chocolate is good for your health, what mistake is the journalist making - -assuming that correlation always equals causation The strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by a(n) __________. - -correlation coefficient An investigator is studying the effectiveness of two new types of parenting interventions for children with disruptive behavior. In this example, the type of intervention would be the __________ variable, and the amount of disruptive behavior would be the __________ variable. - -independent; dependent __________ is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge, whereas __________ is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. - -Theoretical research; applied research Which statement best represents the view of developmentalists? - -Growth and change occur in all aspects of a person's life across their lifespan. A study that seeks to examine how stable shyness is across the life span is focused on __________ development. - -personality The financial crisis of the 2010s exerted what type of effect on the cohort of children growing up during this period? - -history-graded influences Shalise believes that child development is a process of continuous change. Her classmate Evan says that development follows a pattern of discontinuous change. Who is correct? - -Both: A child's development is marked by both continuous and discontinuous change. Erikson's __________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view emphasizing social interaction with other people. - -psychosocial development Which statement describes the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? - -Classical conditioning involves automatic responses and operant conditioning involves voluntary responses. Which perspective emphasizes how people internally represent and think about the world? - -cognitive perspective Which perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives? - -humanistic perspective What is the key factor guiding developmental perspectives that consider the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds? - -contextual factors Which perspective seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance? - -evolutionary perspective Some lifespan developmentalists use a(n) __________ approach, drawing on several perspectives simultaneously. - -eclectic A(n) __________ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested. - -hypothesis What is the best type of study to determine if daily reading with a parent can increase the speed at which a child learns to read independently? - -experimental Alan has decided to conduct a naturalistic observation of children and friendships. Which location would produce the most accurate results? - -a playground In an experiment, the __________ is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; the __________ is not. - -treatment group; control group A scientist is interested in the processes of cognitive change during childhood and decides to see how many words children of various ages can remember after one exposure to a list of words. What type of research is this scientist conducting? - -theoretical research Which type of research design takes the longest amount of time to complete? - -longitudinal Researchers must obtain __________ from participants before their involvement in a study. - -informed consent The human genetic code, transmitted at the moment of conception and stored in our genes, is composed of specific sequences of __________. - -DNA Why are males more likely to have red-green color blindness? - -They have only one X chromosome The field of __________ studies the effects of heredity on psychological characteristics, such as personality and habits. - -behavioral genetics A pediatrician learns that a child has a limited appetite and a yellowish hue to the eyes. Blood tests show that the child's blood cells are shaped differently than is typical. Which inherited disorder is the child most likely to have? - -sickle-cell anemia The prenatal procedure by which a sample of fetal cells is drawn from the fluid surrounding the fetus is called __________. - -amniocentesis The fact that many human traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is referred to as __________. - -multifactorial transmission Because the genetic makeup of __________ twins is nearly identical, researchers can conclude that variations in their behavior is probably due to environmental factors. - -monozygotic Which of the following can be seen as an indication that intelligence has a strong genetic basis? - -Brianna's IQ scores are nearly the same as those of her identical twin Suzanna. One major personality trait that has been linked to genetic factors is __________, defined as the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks contact with others. - -extroversion Theresa has been described as a "natural athlete." Her room at home is full of soccer balls, basketball nets, and softball bats. This is an example of how __________ can influence __________. - -genes; the environment How are sperm and ova alike? - -They both enter the fallopian tube. A(n) __________ occurs when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the mother's womb. - -miscarriage A baby born 39 weeks after conception and weighing 3,400 grams would be characterized as __________. - -neither preterm nor small-for-gestational-age During the end of her pregnancy, Betsy's fetus was in the breech position, so the doctors decided to surgically remove the baby from the uterus. What type of birth did Betsy and her baby have? - -cesarean Which statement regarding infant mortality in the United States is true? - -Infant mortality is higher in the United States than some countries due to having higher rates of low-birthweight deliveries. Each human parent usually contributes __________ to the developing zygote. - -one of the two chromosomes in each pair of 23 When a cluster of cells in the ovum splits off within the first two weeks after fertilization and forms two nearly identical zygotes, the result is __________. - -monozygotic twins The __________ pair of chromosomes determines the sex of the child. - -twenty-third Most traits are governed by a combination of gene pairs. This is called __________. - -polygenic inheritance Humans have approximately __________ genes. - -25,000 The presence of an extra X chromosome in male babies produces __________, a disease characterized by genetic abnormalities. - -Klinefelter's syndrome The noninvasive prenatal testing procedure that is commonly used to determine the size and shape of the baby and to monitor developmental patterns is called __________. - -ultrasound sonography A person's __________, defined as enduring patterns of arousal and emotionality in an individual, has strong a genetic basis, but it can be influenced by environmental factors such as family traits and behaviors. - -temperament The most informative way that researchers can learn about the different effects of nature and nurture on human development is through studies of __________. - -identical twins raised separately Which of the following is an environmental factor that may influence the intelligence of a child? - -friendships with intelligent peers Noticing that their baby daughter seems to love singing and dancing, her nonmusical parents stream music into the house constantly and purchase a piano and child-sized guitar. This is an example of __________. - -genes influencing the environment The joining of sperm and ovum to create the single-celled zygote from which life begins is referred to as __________. - -fertilization During the __________ stage of prenatal development, the fertilized egg, or blastocyst, attaches itself to the wall of the uterus. - -germinal In the procedure known as __________, a man's sperm is used to fertilize a woman's ova in a laboratory. - -in vitro fertilization An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________. - -teratogen The use of __________, which is designed to increase the size of the opening of the vagina, has fallen into disfavor in recent years and is diminishing in frequency. - -an episiotomy __________ is a childbirth technique based on the principle that giving birth should be as natural as possible and should not involve the use of medications or medical interventions. - -The Bradley Method A baby who is still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date is considered a __________ infant. - -postmature One factor in the increased reliance on cesarean delivery in the United States is __________. - -the greater use of fetal heart monitors In the United States, which of the following is a major reason for the high rate of infant mortality in African American births compared with Caucasian births? - -higher rates of poverty One of the most important ways behavior becomes integrated is through the development of various body __________, which are repetitive, cyclical patterns of behavior. - -rhythms The average annual weight gain for both boys and girls in middle childhood is __________. - -5 to 7 pounds Secondary sex characteristics are the __________ that do not involve the sex organs directly. - -visible signs of sexual maturity Although young adults are generally healthy, by their early 20s, __________, a natural physical decline brought about by increasing age, has already begun. - -senescence Projections suggest that by 2050, people age 65 and over will account for nearly __________ of the population. - -one-quarter During the preschool period, a child's __________ grow(s) faster than any other part of the body. - -brain As children grow, the two halves of the brain become increasingly differentiated and specialized in a process called __________. - -lateralization The infant's tendency to turn its head toward things that touch its cheek is known as the __________ reflex. - -rooting Advances in gross motor skills during the preschool years are related to __________ in areas of the brain related to balance and coordination. - -brain development and myelination of neurons __________ is an example of a fine motor skill that infants typically master within the first year. - -Picking up small objects The __________ approach to perception considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated. - -multimodal The ability of young infants to make fine discriminations between sounds is particularly important in the development of the ability to understand __________. - -language Blindness, the most serious visual impairment, is defined as visual acuity below __________ after correction. - -20/200 The key symptom of presbycusis, which is common in middle adulthood, is __________. - -a decline in the ability to hear high-pitched sounds