US History 1301 Exam 1.2023 with complete solution

Martin Luther a German priest who wrote the 95 Theses, which accused the church of worldliness and corruption. Wanted to cleanse the church of abuses such as the sale of indulgences. John Calvin a French-born Swiss theologian. Calvin taught that the world was divided between the elect and the damned. All persons sought salvation, but God had already determined whether one was among the elect destined to be saved. Idleness and immoral behavior were sure signs of damnation. This idea was called Predestination. Jamestown a group of investors pulled their money tighter to invest in an overseas adventure. Not for religion, freedom, etc. Colonies end up royal. Jamestown starts off with businessmen. England needs timber - North America was rich in timber. Investors are looking for a return on their investment. Looking for personal wealth and adventure - not prepared though: half are dead after the first winter. Joint-stock Company a way of pooling financial resources and sharing the risk of maritime voyages, which proved central to the development of modern capitalism. Virginia Company investors who founded Jamestown. Put their money together in order to invest in an overseas adventure. Captain John Smith develops a relationship with Powhatan. He takes control of Jamestown - institutes Marshall Law: work everyday, plant, till, toil if you want to eat. Jamestown would have gone the way of Roanoke without John Smith. Pocahontas married to John Rolfe in 1614. Ended first Powhatan War. Had a friendship with John Smith. John Rolfe Pocahontas' husband. Arrives carrying a tobacco plant. Plymouth Plantation where the Pilgrims first settled in the New World. Pilgrims arrived at Cape Cod in November 1620. Protestants. Extreme separatists. Highly unhappy with what is happening in England. William Bradford the Pilgrim leader. Mayflower Compact before they got off the ship, they agreed to conduct themselves by the laws of God and man. First concern: adhering to law and order, doing this by choice, not by someone telling them to. Suffer the same fate as Jamestown - half are dead by the end of the first year. Massachusetts Bay Colony New England colony established 1630 - Cape Cod is swallowed up in to this large place. 'Great Migration' large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after WWI to the north, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years. Roger Williams founded Rhode Island Baptist Church in 1635. Gets kicked out of RI for questioning church theocracy. Baptist Church is established. Thomas Hooker Connecticut 1636 - Kicked out of Massachusetts Bay. Starts Connecticut. When he leaves, he creates the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. Fundamental Orders Blueprint of civil government in Connecticut - government of the people. New Netherlands/New Amsterdam primarily commercial ventures that never really attracted large numbers of colonists. William Penn proprietor of Pennsylvania. Quakers followers of Anne Hutchison. Anne was thrown out of Massachusetts Bay because women had no business interpreting Scriptures or the Bible. Migrates to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania is created by William Penn as a Quaker Haven. Quakers are persecuted because they believe in equality for blacks and women, believed that God was within them. No one wants anything to do with the Quakers. Did not stay a Quaker Haven. Were willing to tolerate other beliefs. Lord Baltimore founded Maryland. James Oglethorpe founded Georgia colony. Navigation Acts make money off the colonies. 1. The ships have to be made in England so they can bolster their own flee. 2. Crew has to be at least 75% English for employment. Helps England with their unemployment issues. 3. Enumerated goods - they had to pass through an English port, and get a tax on them before they could be sold, in order to get rid of competition. Attempt to control the economy of the colonies. King Philip's War about 1,000 Indians were killed. Only reason they get it under control is because King Philip dies, and certain praying Indians start to help the colonists. Two things: when Massachusetts Bay asked the other colonists for help, the colonies were not willing to help. The pleas to the Crown to send a royal army were not answered. It was an Indian problem. The colonists start to learn unity, and that the Crown only cares about issues that effect the Crown. Metacomet (Metacom) the Wampanoag leader, known to the colonists as King Philip Bacon's Rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon. William Berkeley is causing the problems. Owning land was a symbol of status and freedom. If there weren't an issue with classes, this wouldn't have been an issue. Had to get the army involved to stop this. Reduced the tax on tobacco in the need. Used slaves - didn't want white people attacking each other over land and class. Berkeley runs away at the ned of the rebellion and Bacon dies by the end of it. Teaches the colonists not to trust the rich because they are loyal to the Crown. Enlightenment was about reason. We develop something known as the scientific method. We figure out that there are natural laws which govern the universe. Church doesn't like the Enlightenment - takes people away from their beliefs and they start to doubt. John Locke wrote theories on government. Government is a social contract. The citizen agrees to follow the laws created by the government: pay your taxes; you are loyal to the government. The government ensures and protects your natural rights (life, liberty, and property). Voltaire he may disagree with everything you have to say, but he defends your right to say it. Was an advocate for Freedom of Speech. Deism a belief that God essentially withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws without divine intervention. Adam Smith gives us Wealth of Nations: the bible of Capitalism. Your labor and your industry should be able to reap the fruits of labor. If that is encouraged, then the government will also flourish. Great Awakening first infusion of evangelical ministering: to get people whipped into frenzy and remind them why they are committed to God and the Church. Happens throughout the colonies. Recommits them to the Puritan ideals - that they are the chosen ones, the elect. They think England cannot guide them. Jonathan Edwards Massachusetts Congregationalist minister who pioneered an intensely emotional style of preaching. Edwards's famous sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God portrayed sinful man as a "loathsome insect" suspended over a bottomless pit of eternal fire by a slender thread that might break at any moment. Slavery very common during this time period...remember that there is a difference between slave and indenture servant!! Middle Passage for slaves, the voyage across the Atlantic - known as the Middle Passage because it was the second, or middle, leg in the triangular trading routes linking Europe, Africa, and America. Treaty of Paris 1763 the French are kicked out of Canada, and the Louisiana Territory. French Canada is now the Britain's; all of Louisiana Territory is eventually given to Spain. King George III assumed the throne of Great Britain in 1760. No one on either side of the Atlantic imagined that within two decades Britain's American colonies would separate from the empire. Thomas Jefferson major student of the Enlightenment. Was influenced by Locke and was a Deist. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Franklin became a writer by emulating British literature. Achieved wealth through a printing business. Dedicated to practical uses of reason - science. Proclamation of 1763 the colonists cannot cross the Appalachian Mountains. The colonists cannot go west of the mountains. Infuriates the colonists - this would have been more land for them to grow crops. Looks like an opportunity for the Crown to control them, and that they don't care about their prosperity. Sugar Act hit rum the hardest. The tax itself is not that big, it's the fact that England finally took over. Quartering Act quarter the soldiers in empty bunkhouses, barns, and empty rooms. The colonists wanted the British army in and around for protection from Indian raids. The Crown is giving them this, but is making them defray the expense for keeping the large standing army. The colonists did not like this idea. They think the Crown is using the soldiers to scare them and force them into behaving. Stamp Act makes people go crazy. Sons of Liberty get people going. You had to pay a tax on paper goods, legal documents, gaming goods. Taught the colonists that if they rebel, they will get their way. Townshend Acts taxed American imports of paper, lead, glass, and tea. Boston Massacre clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed. Soldiers called for the place to be evacuated but the colonists did not listen, so they had to open fire. Tea Act was used to bail out the East India Company. Not a tax on tea. They traded everywhere. They brought a bunch of their tea, so they send all the tea to the Boston Harbor. The colonists are furious. A bunch of tea-hating Mohawk Indians sneak in from the Massachusetts countryside, managed to move through the entire city of Boston unnoticed, get to Boston Harbor, and board the ships of the East India Tea Company, and launch a quarter of a million pounds of tea into the harbor. Parliament thought it was the Sons of Liberty - now they are upset. Now they are out of money and product to sell. Sons of Liberty organizations formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radicals in response to the Stamp Act. Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) close down the harbor. Nothing in, nothing out until the tea is paid for. No more public assemblies or self-government. Quebec Act One ruler, one government, no exercising representative government. First Continental Congress put together a list of demands and they send them directly to King George, and ask him to get rid of the Intolerable Acts, and to restore liberty to the colonies. They agree that they will meet in 1775. Lexington and Concord the battles marked the outbreak of open and armed conflict between Great Britain and the 13 colonies. Paul Revere alerted Colonial militia to the approach of British forces before the battles of Lexington and Concord. Patriots were those colonists of the 13 colonies who violently rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation. Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the British empire and the British monarchy during the American Revolutionary War. Ethan Allen known as one of the founders of Vermont, and for the capture of Fort Ticonderoga early in the American Revolutionary War. Benedict Arnold was a General during the American Revolutionary War. George Washington commander of the army authorized by the Second Continental Congress. John Adams leading advocate of the American Independence from Great Britain. Battle of Bunker Hill two months after Lexington and Concord, the British had dislodged colonial militiamen from Reed's Hill, although only at a heavy cost in casualties. But the arrival of American cannon in March 1776 and their entrenchments above the city made the British position in Boston untenable. The British army was forced to abandon the city. Thomas Paine wrote The American Crisis. Paine said "These are the times that try men's soles. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country, but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman." Second Continental Congress convened in May 1775. By the time it convened, war had broken out between British soldiers and armed citizens of Massachusetts. Declaration of Independence a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as 13 newly independent sovereign states, and no longer part of the British Empire. Robert R. Livingston was known as "The Chancellor" Roger Sherman served as the first mayor of New Haven, Connecticut Battle of Trenton fought to restore morale and regain the initiative Washington, he launched successful surprise attacks on Hessian soldiers at Trenton, New Jersey. Battle of Princeton another surprise attack by Washington's army on a British force at Princeton on January 3, 1777.