Inhoud
Hoorcollege 1 – Organisms and the Physical environment..................................................................... 5
Ecologie ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Hiërarchie ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Abiotische omgeving ........................................................................................................................... 5
Fundamentele ecologische principes .................................................................................................. 5
Niche.................................................................................................................................................... 6
Niche variabelen .................................................................................................................................. 7
Habitat ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Stress tolerantie .................................................................................................................................. 7
Acclamatie ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Adaptatie ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Plant adaptatie en acclamatie ............................................................................................................. 7
Waterbeschikbaarheid in de bodem ................................................................................................... 8
Bodem textuur .................................................................................................................................... 8
Adaptaties tegen vloed ....................................................................................................................... 9
Primaire productiviteit aquatische omgeving ..................................................................................... 9
Adaptaties planten lage CO2................................................................................................................ 9
C3 C4 planten ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Klei ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
Planten en temperatuur .................................................................................................................... 10
Dierlijke adaptaties............................................................................................................................ 10
Hoorcollege 2- Populaties ..................................................................................................................... 11
Populatie ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Populatiedynamica ............................................................................................................................ 11
Survivorship curves ........................................................................................................................... 11
Exponentiële groeimodel .................................................................................................................. 12
Limieten populatie groei ................................................................................................................... 12
Het allee effect .................................................................................................................................. 13
Levenscyclus ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Trade offs........................................................................................................................................... 14
r & K strategieën................................................................................................................................ 15
C-S-R strategieën ............................................................................................................................... 16
Hoorcollege 3 – Interspecific interacties ............................................................................................... 16
, Modeling population growth ............................................................................................................ 16
Intra- vs. Interspecifieke competitie ................................................................................................. 16
Interspecific interactions ................................................................................................................... 17
Interspecific interactions and population dynamics ......................................................................... 17
Lotka-volterra model ......................................................................................................................... 18
Outcomes of interspecific competition ............................................................................................. 19
Principle of competitive exclusion .................................................................................................... 19
Competition changes under environmental conditions.................................................................... 20
Coexistence ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Niche.................................................................................................................................................. 20
Coexistence often involves resource partitioning ............................................................................. 20
Predator-prey interactions ................................................................................................................ 21
Evolved efficient defenses................................................................................................................. 22
Tilman’s resource ratio theory (R*)................................................................................................... 22
Plant functional traits ........................................................................................................................ 24
The leaf economic spectrum ............................................................................................................. 24
‘Fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum ............................................................................................. 24
Hoorcollege 4 – Community .................................................................................................................. 25
Communities and patterns of relative abundance............................................................................ 25
Mass-ratio hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 25
Trofische niveaus ............................................................................................................................... 25
Voedsel web ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Priority effects ................................................................................................................................... 26
Hump-backed model ......................................................................................................................... 26
Niche en soort coexistence ............................................................................................................... 27
Invasieve soorten .............................................................................................................................. 27
Biodiversiteit en functioneren........................................................................................................... 27
Insurance hypothesis......................................................................................................................... 28
Response ecosystemen omgeving/milieu ......................................................................................... 28
Alternatieve stable states (Water) .................................................................................................... 29
Hoorcollege 5 – Biodiversiteit ............................................................................................................... 30
Definitie ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Biodiversiteit kwantificeren .............................................................................................................. 30
Soorten diversiteit ............................................................................................................................. 30
Fylogenetische diversiteit.................................................................................................................. 30
Functionele diversiteit ....................................................................................................................... 30
, Diversiteit kwantificeren ................................................................................................................... 31
Alfa diversiteit ................................................................................................................................... 31
Beta diversiteit .................................................................................................................................. 32
Gamma diversiteit ............................................................................................................................. 32
Successie............................................................................................................................................ 32
Gap dynamics .................................................................................................................................... 33
INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................................... 33
Grazen ............................................................................................................................................... 34
VROEGE OPVOLGENDE OF PIONIERSOORTEN .................................................................................. 34
Late successionele- of climax-soorten .............................................................................................. 34
Wereldwijde biodiversiteit trends..................................................................................................... 35
De IUCN rode lijst .............................................................................................................................. 35
Living planet index............................................................................................................................. 36
Hoorcollege 6 – Spatial ecology & Biogeografie ................................................................................... 37
Soorten – area curves........................................................................................................................ 37
Eiland biogeografie theorie ............................................................................................................... 37
Large scale biodiversity patters ......................................................................................................... 38
Zonation ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Gradiënten......................................................................................................................................... 40
Habitat fragmentatie ......................................................................................................................... 40
Connectiviteit .................................................................................................................................... 41
Dispersal ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Metapopulaties ................................................................................................................................. 43
Metapopulation dynamics ................................................................................................................ 43
Hoorcollege 7 – Energy & Mass flow..................................................................................................... 44
Thermodynamica............................................................................................................................... 44
Primaire productiviteit ...................................................................................................................... 44
Energie flow tussen trofische niveaus ............................................................................................... 45
Grazing food chain vs. Detrital food chain ........................................................................................ 45
Formules ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Koolstof in de atmosfeer ................................................................................................................... 47
Gewichtsverlies van organische stof ................................................................................................. 47
Decompositie..................................................................................................................................... 48
Activiteit afbrekers en detrivoren ..................................................................................................... 48
Invloed omgevingsfactoren ............................................................................................................... 48
Hoorcollege 8 – Anthropocene ............................................................................................................. 49
, Demographic transition..................................................................................................................... 49
Biocapaciteit ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Planetary boundaries ........................................................................................................................ 49
Land system change/ biodiversity loss .............................................................................................. 50
Habitat Loss and degradation ........................................................................................................... 50
Klimaatverandering ........................................................................................................................... 50
Stikstof en landbouw ......................................................................................................................... 51
Veluwe ............................................................................................................................................... 51
Klassieke biomen →anthromes ........................................................................................................ 51
Novel ecosystemen ........................................................................................................................... 52
Beschermde gebieden ....................................................................................................................... 53
Restoratie .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Ecosysteemdiensten .......................................................................................................................... 54
Resultaten restoratie ......................................................................................................................... 54
Biodiversiteit vs. Ecosysteemdienst .................................................................................................. 54
Interactions between climate and habitat loss ................................................................................. 55
Rewilding ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Tropical forest restoration ................................................................................................................ 55
Hoorcollege 1 – Organisms and the Physical environment..................................................................... 5
Ecologie ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Hiërarchie ............................................................................................................................................ 5
Abiotische omgeving ........................................................................................................................... 5
Fundamentele ecologische principes .................................................................................................. 5
Niche.................................................................................................................................................... 6
Niche variabelen .................................................................................................................................. 7
Habitat ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Stress tolerantie .................................................................................................................................. 7
Acclamatie ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Adaptatie ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Plant adaptatie en acclamatie ............................................................................................................. 7
Waterbeschikbaarheid in de bodem ................................................................................................... 8
Bodem textuur .................................................................................................................................... 8
Adaptaties tegen vloed ....................................................................................................................... 9
Primaire productiviteit aquatische omgeving ..................................................................................... 9
Adaptaties planten lage CO2................................................................................................................ 9
C3 C4 planten ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Klei ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
Planten en temperatuur .................................................................................................................... 10
Dierlijke adaptaties............................................................................................................................ 10
Hoorcollege 2- Populaties ..................................................................................................................... 11
Populatie ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Populatiedynamica ............................................................................................................................ 11
Survivorship curves ........................................................................................................................... 11
Exponentiële groeimodel .................................................................................................................. 12
Limieten populatie groei ................................................................................................................... 12
Het allee effect .................................................................................................................................. 13
Levenscyclus ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Trade offs........................................................................................................................................... 14
r & K strategieën................................................................................................................................ 15
C-S-R strategieën ............................................................................................................................... 16
Hoorcollege 3 – Interspecific interacties ............................................................................................... 16
, Modeling population growth ............................................................................................................ 16
Intra- vs. Interspecifieke competitie ................................................................................................. 16
Interspecific interactions ................................................................................................................... 17
Interspecific interactions and population dynamics ......................................................................... 17
Lotka-volterra model ......................................................................................................................... 18
Outcomes of interspecific competition ............................................................................................. 19
Principle of competitive exclusion .................................................................................................... 19
Competition changes under environmental conditions.................................................................... 20
Coexistence ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Niche.................................................................................................................................................. 20
Coexistence often involves resource partitioning ............................................................................. 20
Predator-prey interactions ................................................................................................................ 21
Evolved efficient defenses................................................................................................................. 22
Tilman’s resource ratio theory (R*)................................................................................................... 22
Plant functional traits ........................................................................................................................ 24
The leaf economic spectrum ............................................................................................................. 24
‘Fast–slow’ plant economics spectrum ............................................................................................. 24
Hoorcollege 4 – Community .................................................................................................................. 25
Communities and patterns of relative abundance............................................................................ 25
Mass-ratio hypothesis ....................................................................................................................... 25
Trofische niveaus ............................................................................................................................... 25
Voedsel web ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Priority effects ................................................................................................................................... 26
Hump-backed model ......................................................................................................................... 26
Niche en soort coexistence ............................................................................................................... 27
Invasieve soorten .............................................................................................................................. 27
Biodiversiteit en functioneren........................................................................................................... 27
Insurance hypothesis......................................................................................................................... 28
Response ecosystemen omgeving/milieu ......................................................................................... 28
Alternatieve stable states (Water) .................................................................................................... 29
Hoorcollege 5 – Biodiversiteit ............................................................................................................... 30
Definitie ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Biodiversiteit kwantificeren .............................................................................................................. 30
Soorten diversiteit ............................................................................................................................. 30
Fylogenetische diversiteit.................................................................................................................. 30
Functionele diversiteit ....................................................................................................................... 30
, Diversiteit kwantificeren ................................................................................................................... 31
Alfa diversiteit ................................................................................................................................... 31
Beta diversiteit .................................................................................................................................. 32
Gamma diversiteit ............................................................................................................................. 32
Successie............................................................................................................................................ 32
Gap dynamics .................................................................................................................................... 33
INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE HYPOTHESIS ..................................................................................... 33
Grazen ............................................................................................................................................... 34
VROEGE OPVOLGENDE OF PIONIERSOORTEN .................................................................................. 34
Late successionele- of climax-soorten .............................................................................................. 34
Wereldwijde biodiversiteit trends..................................................................................................... 35
De IUCN rode lijst .............................................................................................................................. 35
Living planet index............................................................................................................................. 36
Hoorcollege 6 – Spatial ecology & Biogeografie ................................................................................... 37
Soorten – area curves........................................................................................................................ 37
Eiland biogeografie theorie ............................................................................................................... 37
Large scale biodiversity patters ......................................................................................................... 38
Zonation ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Gradiënten......................................................................................................................................... 40
Habitat fragmentatie ......................................................................................................................... 40
Connectiviteit .................................................................................................................................... 41
Dispersal ............................................................................................................................................ 42
Metapopulaties ................................................................................................................................. 43
Metapopulation dynamics ................................................................................................................ 43
Hoorcollege 7 – Energy & Mass flow..................................................................................................... 44
Thermodynamica............................................................................................................................... 44
Primaire productiviteit ...................................................................................................................... 44
Energie flow tussen trofische niveaus ............................................................................................... 45
Grazing food chain vs. Detrital food chain ........................................................................................ 45
Formules ............................................................................................................................................ 46
Koolstof in de atmosfeer ................................................................................................................... 47
Gewichtsverlies van organische stof ................................................................................................. 47
Decompositie..................................................................................................................................... 48
Activiteit afbrekers en detrivoren ..................................................................................................... 48
Invloed omgevingsfactoren ............................................................................................................... 48
Hoorcollege 8 – Anthropocene ............................................................................................................. 49
, Demographic transition..................................................................................................................... 49
Biocapaciteit ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Planetary boundaries ........................................................................................................................ 49
Land system change/ biodiversity loss .............................................................................................. 50
Habitat Loss and degradation ........................................................................................................... 50
Klimaatverandering ........................................................................................................................... 50
Stikstof en landbouw ......................................................................................................................... 51
Veluwe ............................................................................................................................................... 51
Klassieke biomen →anthromes ........................................................................................................ 51
Novel ecosystemen ........................................................................................................................... 52
Beschermde gebieden ....................................................................................................................... 53
Restoratie .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Ecosysteemdiensten .......................................................................................................................... 54
Resultaten restoratie ......................................................................................................................... 54
Biodiversiteit vs. Ecosysteemdienst .................................................................................................. 54
Interactions between climate and habitat loss ................................................................................. 55
Rewilding ........................................................................................................................................... 55
Tropical forest restoration ................................................................................................................ 55
