SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
phoneme - Answer the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish between
morphemes
morpheme - Answer minimal unit of meaning
vowel reduction - Answer occurs in unstressed syllables; vowel reduces along the
dotted line, usually moving one step in progression centrally
ex: /i/ to "i" in bit
diphthongs reduce to monophthongs
diphthong - Answer employs a gradual transition from one vowel-like sound to
another
allophone - Answer variation of a phoneme which does not change meaning
complementary distribution - Answer rules based on the phonetic environment. 2
allophones will not occur in the same phonetic environment; the allophones occur in
mutually exclusive environments. Can be predicted
free variation - Answer random; allophones can occur in the same environment
coarticulation - Answer when a sound is produced differently because of the
influence of sounds in its phonetic context (neighborhood)
ex: key /ki/, k /k/, cow (rounded back vowel)
Assimilation - Answer the change of a sound segment whereby it takes on
characteristics of neighboring sounds, becoming similar
spreading/shingling - Answer as if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds,
'coloring' them ex: input > imput
blending - Answer as if the proximity of 2 sounds to each other creates a fusion, in
which a hybrid sound is created (also called co-production) ex: ASU
Anticipatory assimilation - Answer most common in English; occurs when a sound is
altered in anticipation of the sound to follow ex: gang (velar n)
retentive (regressive assimilation) - Answer a sound retains characteristics of a
sound that has preceded it ex: me (nasalized vowel)
broad transcription - Answer general detail; usually one symbol
narrow transcription - Answer fine detail, more than one symbol; representation of
target and variations in production (diacritics)
phonetic transcription - Answer the identification of allophones
phonemic transcription - Answer the identification of phonemes
, SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
IPA - Answer Internation Phonetic Alphabet; provides cross-linguistic consistency
minimal contrast/minimal pairs - Answer two morphemes differing in only one sound
segment (phoneme) ex: pin vs bin
3 systems of speech production - Answer -respiratory=air source
-lungs, trachea, ribcage, abdomen, air passages, thoracic musculature,
inhalation/expiration
-laryngeal=sound source
-larynx=voice box
-actual sound is produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air sets them in motion
-larynx is housed between the trachea and the hyoid bone; includes the thyroid
cartilage as well as other cartilages and muscles
-vocal fold vibration=bilateral muscle; adduction (together).abduction (apart); rapid
opening and closing of the vocal folds is what creates voice
-supralaryngeal= sound filter (everything above vocal cords/larynx)
-filters and shapes sound as it travels
-three cavities: Pharyngeal, oral, nasal
fundamental frequency - Answer the lowest frequency of vibration of a standing
wave
2-way - Answer right or wrong
5 way scoring - Answer Correct, omission, distortion, substitution, addition
obstruent - Answer more closure; fricatives, stops, and affricates
sonorant - Answer more open; vowels, nasals, glides, and liquids
strident - Answer sibilant; a fricative consonant sound, in which the tip, or blade of
the tongue is brought near the roof of the mouth and air is pushed past the tongue to
make a hissing sound s, z, "sh", rou"g"e
plosive - Answer sounds create an abrupt, sharp, sometimes shocking effect. Stop
homorganic - Answer same organs/place of articulation
homotypic - Answer same manner/type of sound
cognate - Answer same place and manner, but different voicing (p and b)
voice onset time - Answer the internal between articulation (of a consonant) and
onset of voicing; more than 50 sec=voiceless
diacritics - Answer special marks to indicate subtle phonemic difference
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
phoneme - Answer the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish between
morphemes
morpheme - Answer minimal unit of meaning
vowel reduction - Answer occurs in unstressed syllables; vowel reduces along the
dotted line, usually moving one step in progression centrally
ex: /i/ to "i" in bit
diphthongs reduce to monophthongs
diphthong - Answer employs a gradual transition from one vowel-like sound to
another
allophone - Answer variation of a phoneme which does not change meaning
complementary distribution - Answer rules based on the phonetic environment. 2
allophones will not occur in the same phonetic environment; the allophones occur in
mutually exclusive environments. Can be predicted
free variation - Answer random; allophones can occur in the same environment
coarticulation - Answer when a sound is produced differently because of the
influence of sounds in its phonetic context (neighborhood)
ex: key /ki/, k /k/, cow (rounded back vowel)
Assimilation - Answer the change of a sound segment whereby it takes on
characteristics of neighboring sounds, becoming similar
spreading/shingling - Answer as if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds,
'coloring' them ex: input > imput
blending - Answer as if the proximity of 2 sounds to each other creates a fusion, in
which a hybrid sound is created (also called co-production) ex: ASU
Anticipatory assimilation - Answer most common in English; occurs when a sound is
altered in anticipation of the sound to follow ex: gang (velar n)
retentive (regressive assimilation) - Answer a sound retains characteristics of a
sound that has preceded it ex: me (nasalized vowel)
broad transcription - Answer general detail; usually one symbol
narrow transcription - Answer fine detail, more than one symbol; representation of
target and variations in production (diacritics)
phonetic transcription - Answer the identification of allophones
phonemic transcription - Answer the identification of phonemes
, SHS 250 FINAL EXAM 2023 WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
IPA - Answer Internation Phonetic Alphabet; provides cross-linguistic consistency
minimal contrast/minimal pairs - Answer two morphemes differing in only one sound
segment (phoneme) ex: pin vs bin
3 systems of speech production - Answer -respiratory=air source
-lungs, trachea, ribcage, abdomen, air passages, thoracic musculature,
inhalation/expiration
-laryngeal=sound source
-larynx=voice box
-actual sound is produced by vibration of the vocal folds as air sets them in motion
-larynx is housed between the trachea and the hyoid bone; includes the thyroid
cartilage as well as other cartilages and muscles
-vocal fold vibration=bilateral muscle; adduction (together).abduction (apart); rapid
opening and closing of the vocal folds is what creates voice
-supralaryngeal= sound filter (everything above vocal cords/larynx)
-filters and shapes sound as it travels
-three cavities: Pharyngeal, oral, nasal
fundamental frequency - Answer the lowest frequency of vibration of a standing
wave
2-way - Answer right or wrong
5 way scoring - Answer Correct, omission, distortion, substitution, addition
obstruent - Answer more closure; fricatives, stops, and affricates
sonorant - Answer more open; vowels, nasals, glides, and liquids
strident - Answer sibilant; a fricative consonant sound, in which the tip, or blade of
the tongue is brought near the roof of the mouth and air is pushed past the tongue to
make a hissing sound s, z, "sh", rou"g"e
plosive - Answer sounds create an abrupt, sharp, sometimes shocking effect. Stop
homorganic - Answer same organs/place of articulation
homotypic - Answer same manner/type of sound
cognate - Answer same place and manner, but different voicing (p and b)
voice onset time - Answer the internal between articulation (of a consonant) and
onset of voicing; more than 50 sec=voiceless
diacritics - Answer special marks to indicate subtle phonemic difference
