Inhoud
Les 1 : achtergrondinformatie...................................................................................................................................6
Theorie over validiteit: Typologie en bedreigingen..............................................................................................6
Bedreigingen van de validiteit...........................................................................................................................7
RAPPORTERING VAN STATISTISCHE RESULTATEN............................................................................................8
Het aanvaarden van de nulhypothese..............................................................................................................8
Interne validiteit....................................................................................................................................................9
Bedreiging van de interne validiteit..................................................................................................................9
Constructvaliditeit...............................................................................................................................................10
Bedreigingen van de constructvaliditeit.........................................................................................................10
Externe validiteit.................................................................................................................................................10
Bedreigingen van de externe validiteit...........................................................................................................10
Les 2 : Designs (hoofdstuk 4)...................................................................................................................................11
Causale inferentie bij quasi-experimenten.........................................................................................................11
Designs without control groups..........................................................................................................................11
The one-group posttest-only design...............................................................................................................12
Improving the one-group posttest-only design using multiple substantive posttests...................................12
The one-group pretest-posttest design..........................................................................................................13
Improving the one-group pretest-posttest design using a double a double pretest.....................................13
Improving the one-group pretest-posttest design using a nonequivalent dependent variable....................14
The removed-treatment design......................................................................................................................14
The repeated-treatment design......................................................................................................................15
Designs that use a control group but no pretest................................................................................................16
Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups............................................................................................16
Improving the posttest-only design using an independent pretest sample...................................................16
Posttest-only design using proxy pretest........................................................................................................17
Posttest-only design............................................................................................................................................17
1. Matching, blocking en stratificatie..............................................................................................................17
2. Interne controlegroep.................................................................................................................................18
3. Meerdere controlegroepen.........................................................................................................................18
4. Werken met voorspelde interacties............................................................................................................18
Werken met contrasten......................................................................................................................................18
Het case-control design...................................................................................................................................18
Les 2: hoofdstuk 5...................................................................................................................................................19
Reynolds and West (1987)..............................................................................................................................20
Gunn, Iverson, and Katz (1985).......................................................................................................................20
, Blackburn et al. (1984) Farquhar et al. (1990)................................................................................................20
Is er één ideaal quasi-experimenteel design?.................................................................................................21
Les 2: Hoofdstuk 8...................................................................................................................................................22
TOEVALLIGE TOEWIJZING = RANDOMISERING...................................................................................................22
WAAROM EN HOE WERKT RANDOMISERING?...............................................................................................22
WAT WORDT GERANDOMISEERD?.................................................................................................................23
MAAR SOMS IS RANDOMISERING NIET HAALBAAR OF WENSELIJK...............................................................24
Les 3: ethics and relational research.......................................................................................................................25
Relationele ethiek...............................................................................................................................................25
Relationele – eerder dan procedurele – Ethiek..............................................................................................25
waarom Formele richtlijnen voor ethisch handelen binnen onderzoek (IRB & commissies, gedragscode)?....26
Sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen: is er wel een probleem?.....................................................26
Wel degelijk een belangrijke kwestie..............................................................................................................26
Aan het begin van het onderzoek.......................................................................................................................27
Ethische commissies........................................................................................................................................27
Meer dan ‘onderhandelen’ en ‘building rapporttoegang’..............................................................................28
Informed consent / geïnformeerde toestemming..............................................................................................28
Tijdens het onderzoek.........................................................................................................................................29
Onderzoeks-grenzen.......................................................................................................................................29
Transparantie in doelen, verwachingen, processen en rollen............................................................................29
Vertrouwelijkheid en anonimiteit.......................................................................................................................30
Ethische dimensies van de onderzoeker als instrument.....................................................................................30
Verzet je tegen de binaire tegenstelling expert-lerende....................................................................................30
Ethical collaboration............................................................................................................................................31
Evenwicht tussen flexibiliteit en nauwgezetheid van het design.......................................................................31
Conclussie............................................................................................................................................................31
Les 3: Kwalitatieve onderzoek benadering.............................................................................................................32
Onderzoeksbenaderingen...................................................................................................................................33
Vijf onderzoeksbenaderingen: focus? Waarvoor gebruikt?...........................................................................35
Turning the story…The story...........................................................................................................................36
De narratieve onderzoeksbenadering.................................................................................................................37
WAT IS NARRATIEF ONDERZOEK?...................................................................................................................37
Oorsprong van narratief onderzoek................................................................................................................37
KENMERKENDE EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN NARRATIEF ONDERZOEK...................................................................37
Soorten verhalen.............................................................................................................................................38
Procedures: studieafhankelijk (eerder dan lineair).........................................................................................38
VOORDELEN EN UITDAGINGEN.......................................................................................................................39
, Turning the story… (H11) … into a narrative study.........................................................................................39
Fenomenologie....................................................................................................................................................39
WAT IS FENOMENOLOGIE?.............................................................................................................................40
OORSPRONG VAN FENOMENOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK...................................................................................40
KENMERKENDE EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN FENOMENOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK...................................................40
TYPES VAN FENOMENOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK...............................................................................................40
Procedures: Een fenomenologische studie doen: studie afhankelijk (eerder dan lineair).............................41
Voordelen?......................................................................................................................................................41
Uitdagingen.....................................................................................................................................................41
Turning the story… (H11) … into a phenomenological study..........................................................................41
De Grounded theory onderzoeks-benadering....................................................................................................43
WAT IS GROUNDED THEORY ONDERZOEK?....................................................................................................43
OORSPRONG VAN GROUNDED THEORY ONDERZOEK....................................................................................43
KENMERKENDE EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN GROUNDED THEORY ONDERZOEK....................................................43
Types van grounded theory onderzoek..........................................................................................................44
Procesdures: Een GT studie doen: Studieafhankelijk (eerder dan lineair).....................................................44
VOORDELEN?...................................................................................................................................................44
UITDAGINGEN.................................................................................................................................................44
Turning the story… (H11) … into a GROUNDED THEORY study......................................................................45
Les 3.1 Ethische overwegingen in kwalitatief onderzoek.......................................................................................47
Relationele ethiek...............................................................................................................................................47
Relationele – eerder dan procedurele – Ethiek..............................................................................................48
Waarom formele richtlijnen voor ethisch handelen binnen onderzoek (IRB & commissies, gedragscode)?....49
Sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen..............................................................................................49
Is er wel een probleem?..................................................................................................................................49
wel degelijk een belangrijke kwestie..............................................................................................................49
Aan het begin van het onderzoek.......................................................................................................................50
Ethische commissies........................................................................................................................................50
Meer dan ‘toegang onderhandelen’ en ‘building rapport’.............................................................................51
Informed consent/ Geïnformeerde toestemming..........................................................................................51
Tijdens het onderzoek.........................................................................................................................................53
Onderzoeks-grenzen.......................................................................................................................................53
Transparantie in doelen, verwachtingen, processen en rollen.......................................................................53
Vertrouwelijkheid en anonimiteit...................................................................................................................53
Doorheen het onderzoek....................................................................................................................................54
Ethische dimensies van de onderzoeker als instrument.................................................................................54
Verzet je tegen de binaire tegenstelling expert-lerende................................................................................54
, Ethical collaboration........................................................................................................................................54
Evenwicht tussen flexibiliteit en nauwgezetheid van het design...................................................................55
Conclussie............................................................................................................................................................55
Les 4 validiteit: kwaliteitsvol kwalitatief onderzoek...............................................................................................56
Etnografie............................................................................................................................................................56
De etnografische onderzoeks-benadering..........................................................................................................56
WAT IS ETNOGRAFISCH ONDERZOEK?............................................................................................................56
Oorsprong van etnografisch onderzoek..........................................................................................................56
Kenmerkende eigenschappen van etnografisch onderzoek...........................................................................56
Types van etnografisch onderzoek..................................................................................................................57
Procedures......................................................................................................................................................57
Voordelen........................................................................................................................................................57
uitdagingen......................................................................................................................................................58
Turning the story… into an ethnographic study..............................................................................................58
Case study...........................................................................................................................................................59
Wat is case study onderzoek...........................................................................................................................59
Oorsprong van case study onderzoek.............................................................................................................60
Kenmerkende eigenschappen van case study onderzoek..............................................................................60
Types van case study onderzoek.....................................................................................................................60
Procedures......................................................................................................................................................60
Vooroordelen en uitdagingen.........................................................................................................................61
Turning the story… origineel case study........................................................................................................61
De 5 verschillende benaderingen vergeleken.....................................................................................................63
Congruentie/afstemming binnen Onderzoeksbenaderingen.............................................................................64
Les 4.1 validiteit: kwaliteitsvol kwalitatief onderzoek............................................................................................66
Het debat over ‘kwaliteit’ in kwalitatief onderzoek............................................................................................66
Kwaliteit/validiteit: algemene opmerking...........................................................................................................66
Criteria voor kwaliteit..........................................................................................................................................66
Types validiteit (data-anlalyse)...........................................................................................................................67
Strategieën..........................................................................................................................................................67
Triangulatie......................................................................................................................................................67
Validering door participanten (aka “member checks”)..................................................................................68
Strategisch sequentiëren van methodes........................................................................................................68
Thick description.............................................................................................................................................68
Dialogic engagement.......................................................................................................................................69
Multiple coding................................................................................................................................................69
Gestructureerde reflexiviteit...........................................................................................................................69
Les 1 : achtergrondinformatie...................................................................................................................................6
Theorie over validiteit: Typologie en bedreigingen..............................................................................................6
Bedreigingen van de validiteit...........................................................................................................................7
RAPPORTERING VAN STATISTISCHE RESULTATEN............................................................................................8
Het aanvaarden van de nulhypothese..............................................................................................................8
Interne validiteit....................................................................................................................................................9
Bedreiging van de interne validiteit..................................................................................................................9
Constructvaliditeit...............................................................................................................................................10
Bedreigingen van de constructvaliditeit.........................................................................................................10
Externe validiteit.................................................................................................................................................10
Bedreigingen van de externe validiteit...........................................................................................................10
Les 2 : Designs (hoofdstuk 4)...................................................................................................................................11
Causale inferentie bij quasi-experimenten.........................................................................................................11
Designs without control groups..........................................................................................................................11
The one-group posttest-only design...............................................................................................................12
Improving the one-group posttest-only design using multiple substantive posttests...................................12
The one-group pretest-posttest design..........................................................................................................13
Improving the one-group pretest-posttest design using a double a double pretest.....................................13
Improving the one-group pretest-posttest design using a nonequivalent dependent variable....................14
The removed-treatment design......................................................................................................................14
The repeated-treatment design......................................................................................................................15
Designs that use a control group but no pretest................................................................................................16
Posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups............................................................................................16
Improving the posttest-only design using an independent pretest sample...................................................16
Posttest-only design using proxy pretest........................................................................................................17
Posttest-only design............................................................................................................................................17
1. Matching, blocking en stratificatie..............................................................................................................17
2. Interne controlegroep.................................................................................................................................18
3. Meerdere controlegroepen.........................................................................................................................18
4. Werken met voorspelde interacties............................................................................................................18
Werken met contrasten......................................................................................................................................18
Het case-control design...................................................................................................................................18
Les 2: hoofdstuk 5...................................................................................................................................................19
Reynolds and West (1987)..............................................................................................................................20
Gunn, Iverson, and Katz (1985).......................................................................................................................20
, Blackburn et al. (1984) Farquhar et al. (1990)................................................................................................20
Is er één ideaal quasi-experimenteel design?.................................................................................................21
Les 2: Hoofdstuk 8...................................................................................................................................................22
TOEVALLIGE TOEWIJZING = RANDOMISERING...................................................................................................22
WAAROM EN HOE WERKT RANDOMISERING?...............................................................................................22
WAT WORDT GERANDOMISEERD?.................................................................................................................23
MAAR SOMS IS RANDOMISERING NIET HAALBAAR OF WENSELIJK...............................................................24
Les 3: ethics and relational research.......................................................................................................................25
Relationele ethiek...............................................................................................................................................25
Relationele – eerder dan procedurele – Ethiek..............................................................................................25
waarom Formele richtlijnen voor ethisch handelen binnen onderzoek (IRB & commissies, gedragscode)?....26
Sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen: is er wel een probleem?.....................................................26
Wel degelijk een belangrijke kwestie..............................................................................................................26
Aan het begin van het onderzoek.......................................................................................................................27
Ethische commissies........................................................................................................................................27
Meer dan ‘onderhandelen’ en ‘building rapporttoegang’..............................................................................28
Informed consent / geïnformeerde toestemming..............................................................................................28
Tijdens het onderzoek.........................................................................................................................................29
Onderzoeks-grenzen.......................................................................................................................................29
Transparantie in doelen, verwachingen, processen en rollen............................................................................29
Vertrouwelijkheid en anonimiteit.......................................................................................................................30
Ethische dimensies van de onderzoeker als instrument.....................................................................................30
Verzet je tegen de binaire tegenstelling expert-lerende....................................................................................30
Ethical collaboration............................................................................................................................................31
Evenwicht tussen flexibiliteit en nauwgezetheid van het design.......................................................................31
Conclussie............................................................................................................................................................31
Les 3: Kwalitatieve onderzoek benadering.............................................................................................................32
Onderzoeksbenaderingen...................................................................................................................................33
Vijf onderzoeksbenaderingen: focus? Waarvoor gebruikt?...........................................................................35
Turning the story…The story...........................................................................................................................36
De narratieve onderzoeksbenadering.................................................................................................................37
WAT IS NARRATIEF ONDERZOEK?...................................................................................................................37
Oorsprong van narratief onderzoek................................................................................................................37
KENMERKENDE EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN NARRATIEF ONDERZOEK...................................................................37
Soorten verhalen.............................................................................................................................................38
Procedures: studieafhankelijk (eerder dan lineair).........................................................................................38
VOORDELEN EN UITDAGINGEN.......................................................................................................................39
, Turning the story… (H11) … into a narrative study.........................................................................................39
Fenomenologie....................................................................................................................................................39
WAT IS FENOMENOLOGIE?.............................................................................................................................40
OORSPRONG VAN FENOMENOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK...................................................................................40
KENMERKENDE EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN FENOMENOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK...................................................40
TYPES VAN FENOMENOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK...............................................................................................40
Procedures: Een fenomenologische studie doen: studie afhankelijk (eerder dan lineair).............................41
Voordelen?......................................................................................................................................................41
Uitdagingen.....................................................................................................................................................41
Turning the story… (H11) … into a phenomenological study..........................................................................41
De Grounded theory onderzoeks-benadering....................................................................................................43
WAT IS GROUNDED THEORY ONDERZOEK?....................................................................................................43
OORSPRONG VAN GROUNDED THEORY ONDERZOEK....................................................................................43
KENMERKENDE EIGENSCHAPPEN VAN GROUNDED THEORY ONDERZOEK....................................................43
Types van grounded theory onderzoek..........................................................................................................44
Procesdures: Een GT studie doen: Studieafhankelijk (eerder dan lineair).....................................................44
VOORDELEN?...................................................................................................................................................44
UITDAGINGEN.................................................................................................................................................44
Turning the story… (H11) … into a GROUNDED THEORY study......................................................................45
Les 3.1 Ethische overwegingen in kwalitatief onderzoek.......................................................................................47
Relationele ethiek...............................................................................................................................................47
Relationele – eerder dan procedurele – Ethiek..............................................................................................48
Waarom formele richtlijnen voor ethisch handelen binnen onderzoek (IRB & commissies, gedragscode)?....49
Sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen..............................................................................................49
Is er wel een probleem?..................................................................................................................................49
wel degelijk een belangrijke kwestie..............................................................................................................49
Aan het begin van het onderzoek.......................................................................................................................50
Ethische commissies........................................................................................................................................50
Meer dan ‘toegang onderhandelen’ en ‘building rapport’.............................................................................51
Informed consent/ Geïnformeerde toestemming..........................................................................................51
Tijdens het onderzoek.........................................................................................................................................53
Onderzoeks-grenzen.......................................................................................................................................53
Transparantie in doelen, verwachtingen, processen en rollen.......................................................................53
Vertrouwelijkheid en anonimiteit...................................................................................................................53
Doorheen het onderzoek....................................................................................................................................54
Ethische dimensies van de onderzoeker als instrument.................................................................................54
Verzet je tegen de binaire tegenstelling expert-lerende................................................................................54
, Ethical collaboration........................................................................................................................................54
Evenwicht tussen flexibiliteit en nauwgezetheid van het design...................................................................55
Conclussie............................................................................................................................................................55
Les 4 validiteit: kwaliteitsvol kwalitatief onderzoek...............................................................................................56
Etnografie............................................................................................................................................................56
De etnografische onderzoeks-benadering..........................................................................................................56
WAT IS ETNOGRAFISCH ONDERZOEK?............................................................................................................56
Oorsprong van etnografisch onderzoek..........................................................................................................56
Kenmerkende eigenschappen van etnografisch onderzoek...........................................................................56
Types van etnografisch onderzoek..................................................................................................................57
Procedures......................................................................................................................................................57
Voordelen........................................................................................................................................................57
uitdagingen......................................................................................................................................................58
Turning the story… into an ethnographic study..............................................................................................58
Case study...........................................................................................................................................................59
Wat is case study onderzoek...........................................................................................................................59
Oorsprong van case study onderzoek.............................................................................................................60
Kenmerkende eigenschappen van case study onderzoek..............................................................................60
Types van case study onderzoek.....................................................................................................................60
Procedures......................................................................................................................................................60
Vooroordelen en uitdagingen.........................................................................................................................61
Turning the story… origineel case study........................................................................................................61
De 5 verschillende benaderingen vergeleken.....................................................................................................63
Congruentie/afstemming binnen Onderzoeksbenaderingen.............................................................................64
Les 4.1 validiteit: kwaliteitsvol kwalitatief onderzoek............................................................................................66
Het debat over ‘kwaliteit’ in kwalitatief onderzoek............................................................................................66
Kwaliteit/validiteit: algemene opmerking...........................................................................................................66
Criteria voor kwaliteit..........................................................................................................................................66
Types validiteit (data-anlalyse)...........................................................................................................................67
Strategieën..........................................................................................................................................................67
Triangulatie......................................................................................................................................................67
Validering door participanten (aka “member checks”)..................................................................................68
Strategisch sequentiëren van methodes........................................................................................................68
Thick description.............................................................................................................................................68
Dialogic engagement.......................................................................................................................................69
Multiple coding................................................................................................................................................69
Gestructureerde reflexiviteit...........................................................................................................................69
