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PAPER 2 (HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS)
Paper 2 Studies
Evolution of Attraction Testosterone and Attraction Johnston et al. (2001)
Evolution and Attraction Buss et al. (1989)
Pheromones and Behaviour Androstadienone and Saxton et al. (2008)
Attraction Cornwell et al. (2004)
Culture and Behaviour Mate Preference Buss et al. (1989)
Role of Love Levine et al. (1995)
Communication and Positive Communication Gottman and Levenson (1992)
Relationships
Negative Communication Gottman and Levenson (1992)
Biology and Communication Gottman and Krokoff (1989)
Culture and Relationships Culture and Relationships Levine et al. (1995) (other
findings)
Attitudes Towards Divorce Levine et al. (1995)
1. Johnston et al.
a.
Aim:
· To investigate how a female’s menstrual cycle may influence what she finds
attractive.
Procedure:
· 42 female participants (New Mexico State University)
· Asked to view male and female faces on a computer.
- These were computer images that could be manipulated by the
participants, so they could drag a cursor and make the faces more
masculine or feminine.
· Asked them to choose different faces that met different “targets” (i.e. “an
attractive male face”)
Results:
· When females were during ovulation (at the highest chance of conception),
they had a stronger preference for masculine (sex-typical) faces.
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Conclusions:
· The attraction to a masculine face was higher around ovulation and less at
other times, and it was only the preference that was affected by the changes in
hormones that occur during the menstrual cycle.
2. Buss et al.
a.
TEST 1
Aim:
· To compare the similarities in preferences between men and women.
Methodology:
· Over 10,000 participants from 37 cultures
· Participants were asked to rate 18 specific traits as 0 – 3 (0 = undesirable to 3 =
indispensable).
· Examples of traits include good looks, chastity, ambition, industriousness,
sociability.
Results/Conclusions derived from Buss et al.:
· Males prefer females who are young (because they signify higher fertility)
· Females prefer males who are older
· Females value “financial prospects” more than males
· Males are more concerned with good looks than females
· Males are more concerned with chastity than females
Limitations:
· The samples are not representative of each culture, as less educated and
lower levels of socioeconomic status were not well represented in the samples.
Strengths:
· The samples represent a vastly diverse range of geographical, political, ethnic,
cultural, political and racial backgrounds
TEST 2
Aim:
· To compare the differences in preferences between men and women.
Methodology:
· Over 10,000 participants from 37 cultures
· Participants were asked to rank 80 characteristics on a scale from 1-18 in order
of preference
Results/Conclusions derived from Buss et al.:
· Females from collectivist cultures placed a higher value on social status and
ambition.
· Males from individualistic cultures placed less emphasis on domestic skills.
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Distribution of this document is illegal $103 per month?
PAPER 2 (HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS)
Paper 2 Studies
Evolution of Attraction Testosterone and Attraction Johnston et al. (2001)
Evolution and Attraction Buss et al. (1989)
Pheromones and Behaviour Androstadienone and Saxton et al. (2008)
Attraction Cornwell et al. (2004)
Culture and Behaviour Mate Preference Buss et al. (1989)
Role of Love Levine et al. (1995)
Communication and Positive Communication Gottman and Levenson (1992)
Relationships
Negative Communication Gottman and Levenson (1992)
Biology and Communication Gottman and Krokoff (1989)
Culture and Relationships Culture and Relationships Levine et al. (1995) (other
findings)
Attitudes Towards Divorce Levine et al. (1995)
1. Johnston et al.
a.
Aim:
· To investigate how a female’s menstrual cycle may influence what she finds
attractive.
Procedure:
· 42 female participants (New Mexico State University)
· Asked to view male and female faces on a computer.
- These were computer images that could be manipulated by the
participants, so they could drag a cursor and make the faces more
masculine or feminine.
· Asked them to choose different faces that met different “targets” (i.e. “an
attractive male face”)
Results:
· When females were during ovulation (at the highest chance of conception),
they had a stronger preference for masculine (sex-typical) faces.
Downloaded by: katerinacontreras | Want to earn
Distribution of this document is illegal $103 per month?
, Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material
Conclusions:
· The attraction to a masculine face was higher around ovulation and less at
other times, and it was only the preference that was affected by the changes in
hormones that occur during the menstrual cycle.
2. Buss et al.
a.
TEST 1
Aim:
· To compare the similarities in preferences between men and women.
Methodology:
· Over 10,000 participants from 37 cultures
· Participants were asked to rate 18 specific traits as 0 – 3 (0 = undesirable to 3 =
indispensable).
· Examples of traits include good looks, chastity, ambition, industriousness,
sociability.
Results/Conclusions derived from Buss et al.:
· Males prefer females who are young (because they signify higher fertility)
· Females prefer males who are older
· Females value “financial prospects” more than males
· Males are more concerned with good looks than females
· Males are more concerned with chastity than females
Limitations:
· The samples are not representative of each culture, as less educated and
lower levels of socioeconomic status were not well represented in the samples.
Strengths:
· The samples represent a vastly diverse range of geographical, political, ethnic,
cultural, political and racial backgrounds
TEST 2
Aim:
· To compare the differences in preferences between men and women.
Methodology:
· Over 10,000 participants from 37 cultures
· Participants were asked to rank 80 characteristics on a scale from 1-18 in order
of preference
Results/Conclusions derived from Buss et al.:
· Females from collectivist cultures placed a higher value on social status and
ambition.
· Males from individualistic cultures placed less emphasis on domestic skills.
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