US History I Milestone 1.

US History I Milestone 1. You passed this Milestone 16 questions were answered correctly. 8 questions were answered incorrectly. 1 question was skipped. These were marked incorrect. 1 Which of the following describes North American Indians prior to European contact? RATIONALE The Aztec constructed elaborate temples in their capital city, Tenochtitlán. The Inca had no system of writing, but communicated and kept records using a system called quipu, which consisted of colored threads knotted in different ways. Unlike these major civilizations, most North American Indians lived in small, autonomous villages which lacked large-scale social organization and commercial enterprises. CONCEPT The First Settlers 2 Read the excerpt written by the governor of the Virginia Colony in its early years: “Then haveinge fedd uponn horses and other beastes as long as they Lasted we weare gladd to make shifte wth vermine as doggs Catts Ratts and myce All was fishe thatt came to Nett to satisfye Crewell hunger as to eate Bootes shoes or any other leather some colde Come by And those being Spente and devoured some weare inforced to searche the woodes and to feede upon Serpents and snakes and to digge the earthe for wylde and unknowne Rootes where many of our men weare Cutt off of and slayne by the Salvages.” Considering possible author bias, select the statement that most likely identifies the author’s purpose. RATIONALE When reading primary sources, historians rely on the five Ws (including questions of who, what, when, where, and why/for what purpose) to think about them critically. Since this is a document written by the governor of the Virginia Colony in its early years, and it describes terrible conditions and hostile natives during the "starving time," the author is probably not trying to attract new settlers or address Native Americans. As this account matches what you learned about the "starving time," it is most likely a straightforward account of events that took place. CONCEPT Analyzing Primary Sources Think About It: How Did the Experience of the English Settlers Differ? 3 Choose two statements that reflect major features of the northern colonies. RATIONALE Because they were founded by Puritans, religion and government were closely intertwined in the northern colonies. Adherence to Puritanism was carefully monitored and enforced by the community. All members of the community were required to attend church, and town leaders, who were also religious leaders, determined who among the community were "elect," or full church members. The system of government in the northern colonies reflected the communal nature of the Puritan religion, and voting rights were extended to all male church members, no matter their economic status. CONCEPT Settling the Northern Colonies 4 Kyle traveled to Ireland to examine primary sources related to the Great Famine. Which task of a historian is Kyle performing? RATIONALE When he travels to Ireland and reads primary sources, Kyle collects facts about the Great Famine. Compiling facts about the past is one of the tasks that historians engage in when they write history. CONCEPT The Historian's Practice 5 The system of interactions among the Americas, Africa, and Europe, in which slaves and goods became commodities is known as (A) the Triangular Trade . A mercantilism the Atlantic World the Triangular Trade globalization RATIONALE The Triangular Trade is the term given to the economic relationship that developed between the Old World (Europe and Africa) and the New World (the Americas) in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Triangular Trade contributed to the emergence of an Atlantic World, in which economic, cultural, and intellectual relationships linked the hemispheres. CONCEPT The Atlantic World 6 Spanish colonization projects in the New World in the 16th century were best characterized by all of the following EXCEPT . RATIONALE In colonizing the New World in the 16th century, the Spanish were motivated by a desire for wealth and national glory and a desire to convert native peoples to Catholicism. The exploits of Spanish conquistadores such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro were characterized by the violent overthrow of native emperors and a disregard for native life. The Spanish did not compete for influence in the New World in the 16th century with England. CONCEPT Spanish Contact 7 Motivations for maritime exploration included all of the following, EXCEPT . RATIONALE Early explorers, most notably the Portuguese and Spanish, engaged in maritime exploration for religion (i.e., spreading Catholicism), power (i.e., imperial competition), and profit (i.e., improving access to valuable goods by finding faster water routes to connect Europe and the East by way of Africa and the Atlantic). These motivations also applied to the voyages of Christopher Columbus, which were not commissioned for scientific purposes. CONCEPT Maritime Exploration 8 The establishment of the (A) Massachusetts Bay Colony was driven by religious faith and stable families who wanted an independent existence. A M assachusetts Bay Jamestown Pennsylvania Maryland RATIONALE The Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by Puritans who left England in the 1630s in large family groups under the leadership of governor John Winthrop. These Puritans and many thousands more left their English homes not to establish a land of religious freedom but to practice their own form of Protestantism without persecution. CONCEPT The English Colonial Experiment: Virginia and Massachusetts 9 Read these excerpts from The History and Present State of Virginia, published in 1705: Slaves are the Negroes, and their Posterity, following the condition of the Mother, according to the Maxim, partus sequitur ventrem [status follows the womb]. . . . Servants, are those which serve only for a few years, according to the time of their Indenture, or the Custom of the Country. An analysis of these excerpts reveals the distinctions made between slaves and servants in southern colonial society. Choose the statement that best explains this distinction. RATIONALE Recall that by the end of the 17th century, a system of slavery based on the enslavement of blacks became increasingly central to the southern colonies and replaced indentured servitude as the primary form of labor. The phrases "Slaves are the Negroes, and their Posterity, following the condition of the Mother" and "Servants, are those which serve only for a few years, according to the time of their Indenture" tell us that by the early 1700s, slavery was an inheritable condition reserved for this of African descent, while servants, who were white, had a much shorter term of service. CONCEPT Settling the Southern Colonies 10 While he is having the backyard dug up for a swimming pool, Matthew discovers several oddly shaped rocks that turn out to be ancient stone tools. Matthew has found (A) a rchaelogical evidence . A a written history archaelogical evidence Native American artifacts an oral history RATIONALE Historians must use different techniques to study prehistoric peoples or events, because written sources are lacking. Ancient objects dug out of the earth are an example of archeological evidence, or the physical evidence found in excavation that can be used in the study of the past. CONCEPT Think About It: What is History? 11 How did the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 transform the American economy? Given the historical question above, choose the best primary or secondary source to answer the question. RATIONALE Recall that, when choosing sources, historians have to consider the five Ws, such as "What’s going on in the source?" to determine what will be most relevant and important for their research. Although all of these potential sources contain information somewhat related to the historical topic, an economic analysis of cotton and textile production in the late 1700s- mid 1800s would contain the best and most comprehensive information for answering the research question. CONCEPT Analyzing Primary Sources 12 Which of the following does NOT reflect a relationship within the Triangular Trade system? RATIONALE Although rum was a commodity involved in the Triangular Trade system, its consumption in the Americas does not reflect a relationship within that system. The exportation of sugar to Europe for processing into rum, the transport of rum to Africa in exchange for slaves, and the movement of slaves from Africa to the New World does reflect the movement of goods within the Triangular Trade. CONCEPT The Atlantic World 13 Which statement is NOT reflective of the Massachusetts colonies in the 17th century? RATIONALE Although the Northern and Southern colonies both benefited from slave labor, racial slavery increasingly replaced indentured servitude in the Southern colonies by the end of the 17th century. By the 18th century, racial slavery was central to the social and political structure of colonies like Virginia. Colonies in Massachusetts were primarily founded by devout Puritans, who instituted local governments with a religious basis. Government officials were often church leaders. Everyone in the community was required to attend church services, and to sign a covenant to follow Puritan theology. Most men in these communities were allowed to vote, regardless of their economic circumstances. CONCEPT Settling the Southern Colonies Settling the Northern Colonies 14 Which of the following statements reflects the process of commodification? RATIONALE Europeans established colonies to secure the New World's natural resources for their profit. Some resources, like tobacco, were unknown in Europe before the arrival of explorers and colonists in the New World. The colonists engaged in commodification when they turned tobacco, which had ritual significance for Native Americans, into a commodity, which had financial value. CONCEPT The Columbian Exchange 15 “Look at this,” Sophia demanded. Jim, her father, looked at the image and grimaced. “Yes, an ugly chapter in the world’s history.” “I’m supposed to view it through a historical lens, Dad. I don’t know what that means.” “Well, even though this particular image shows North African slave traders, think about how slavery changed when it came to the United States. African-born slaves were viewed as fundamentally inferior to whites.” Jim's analysis uses the lens of (A) e conomics . A economics politics gender race RATIONALE Remember that when historians interpret or narrate the past, they may use a variety of lenses to shape their perspective, such as: race, class, gender, or others. Different lenses provide different meanings to the same event or set of events. Because Sophia's dad is highlighting the way in which the system of slavery affected the relationship between persons of different ethnicities, he is examining slavery through the lens of race. CONCEPT The Lenses of History 16 The Columbian exchange had significant consequences for both Europe and the New World. Choose the false statement about this exchange. RATIONALE The Columbian exchange describes the two-way movement of people, plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Europe/Africa. This contact between hemispheres had many consequences for Old World and New World inhabitants, including altering traditions and activities on both sides of the Atlantic. For example, tobacco, which was a New World plant unknown in Europe before 1492, was quickly commodified by Europeans and became a significant cultural practice in Europe. CONCEPT The Columbian Exchange 17 What was an effect of European land use practices such as fencing private property? RATIONALE The European concept of private property changed the American landscape. Settlers built fences around the land they claimed as their own. In doing so, they hindered the ability of Native Americans to hunt and farm in traditional ways. CONCEPT Native American Interactions with Europeans 18 Which statement describes the Jamestown colony? RATIONALE The Jamestown Colony was established by the Virginia Company of London, a joint-stock company. Investors in the company hoped that gold, silver or other potentially-valuable commodities would be found in the colony. As a result, most Jamestown settlers were men and boys. Massachusetts was settled by Puritan families, including men, women, and children, who sought the freedom to practice their religion without state interference, and who did not intend to return to England. CONCEPT Think About It: How Did the Experience of the English Settlers Differ? 19 The (A) Anglo-Powhatan Wars lasted for nearly 40 years (1609–1646), and led English colonists to decide that Native Americans were an obstacle to expansion of the colonial economy in Virginia. A Pequot War Beaver Wars King Philip's War Anglo-Powhatan Wars RATIONALE When they settled along the rivers of the Chesapeake region, the English unknowingly placed themselves at the center of the Powhatan empire, a powerful Algonquian confederacy. English expansion after the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop resulted in the Anglo-Powhatan Wars, in which the English fought the empire in a series of conflicts that spanned almost 40 years. CONCEPT English and Native American Conflict 20 Choose the statement that does NOT reflect an effect the Protestant Reformation had on English colonization in the New World. RATIONALE Rather than keeping English commoners rooted in England, the Protestant Reformation and the religious schisms and conflicts it created motivated some groups of English - namely, the Pilgrims and the Puritans - to sail to the New World and establish colonies in North America. CONCEPT English Contact 21 The interaction between groups of European explorers and native people in the Americas varied. Which statement is most representative of the French approach toward native peoples in the Americas? RATIONALE Recall that, as a result of their different motivations, the English, Spanish, and French viewed and interacted with the environment, and the people they encountered in the New World, in different ways. Unlike the Spanish, French explorers sought commercial relationships in the New World. They established alliances with native tribes to facilitate this goal. The other statements reflect the views of English explorers (who wrote that Native Americans were backward, but harmless) and Spanish conquistadors (who demanded, with the Requerimiento, that Native Americans obey God and the Spanish monarchy). CONCEPT Think About It: How Did Europeans Justify Colonization of the New World? 22 Read the excerpt from a primary source: “. . . they see many faults; considering neither the virtues of the other Catholics, nor their own still greater imperfections; wishing to have, like Cyclops, only a single eye, and to fix that one upon the vices of a few Catholics, never upon the virtues of the others, nor upon themselves, unless it be for the purpose of self-deception.” According to this French account, how did Native Americans view the effort by the French to convert them to Catholicism? RATIONALE Unlike Spanish conquistadors, French explorers fostered alliances and commercial relationships with native tribes while Jesuits sought their conversion to Catholicism. That this French observer believed the Native Americans he encountered did not see the virtues of Catholics nor any flaws in themselves suggests that they were skeptical of and perhaps resistant to the Jesuits' conversion efforts. CONCEPT French and Dutch Contact 23 Read the excerpt from a document written by Quakers in 1688: "Here is liberty of conscience wch. is right and reasonable; here ought to be likewise liberty of ye body, except of evildoers, wch is an other case. But to bring men hither, or to robb and sell them against their will, we stand against. In Europe there are many oppressed for Conscience sake; and here there are those oppressed wch are of a Black Colour Ah! doe consider well this things, you who doe it, if you would be done at this manner? and if it is done according Christianity?" Choose the statement that best summarizes the Quaker view of slavery. RATIONALE While the Middle colonies actively participated in the slave trade in their port cities, the Quakers, who were concentrated in Pennsylvania, rejected traditional ideas about rank and hierarchy and voiced early opposition to slavery. The phrase "But to bring men hither, or to robb and sell them against their will, we stand against" reflects their disapproval of the institution. CONCEPT Settling the Middle Colonies 24 Choose the statement that does NOT provide a reason why slavery became racialized in the Americas. RATIONALE The existence of a robust African slave trade, labor demands on plantations in the New World, and the susceptibility of Native Americans to European diseases all contributed to the expansion of racial slavery after 1492. As Africans were already familiar with animal husbandry as well as farming, had an identifying skin color, and could be readily supplied by the existing African slave trade, they were considered by Europeans to be well-suited to the labor needs of the New World. CONCEPT African Society and Slavery 25 Choose the true statement about the historian’s practice. RATIONALE Historians certainly must know a lot of dates and facts about the past, but this does not represent the totality of what they do. History is defined as “the never-ending process whereby people to seek to understand the past and its many meanings." This means that the practice of history is more complicated than simply collecting facts and recording them. Rather, historians are responsible for collecting evidence from the past, interpreting that evidence in a way that takes into account the context of the time period under consideration, and documenting how societies have changed over time. While history is a written record of the past, it is encountered in a variety of settings, including books, historical landmarks, and films. CONCEPT