Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology Module 2 Exam 2022/2023

Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology Module 2 Exam module 2 Exam Question 1 3 / 3 pts True/False: Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? Your Answer: it is false because,levels are elevated under the bening condition, however the most levels are not elevated in early stages of malignant False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence. Question 2 3 / 3 pts What is the most important procedure in diagnosing the correct cancer and histology? Your Answer: tissue biopsy tissue biopsy Question 3 2 / 4 pts 1. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis: 2. What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients? Your Answer: pain and bleeding weight loss and hair loss, 1. Bleeding; sore that doesn’t heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces; chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or swelling. Other possible answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss 2. Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances Question 4 10 / 10 pts Explain the TNM system: Your Answer: TNM system is divided 3 stages to dignose cancer, T- is the shape and location of the primary tumor N- is envolment of the lymp nodes M- is the extend of matastatic envelment T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor. N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement. Question 5 9 / 10 pts 1. When would surgery be appropriate in the treatment of cancer? 2. Most chemotherapeutic drugs cause pancytopenia due to bone marrow suppression. What are the 3 possible adverse outcomes of this? Your Answer: surgery is the is the first treatment of solid tumor when it has well deferentiated margin, it can be remove completely, or oncology emergancy and prophalcit surgery for high risk PT neutropenia , risk of infection anamia ,fatigue thromyopenia risk of bleeding 1. Surgery is often the first treatment for solid tumors. If the tumor is small with well-defined margins, it can be removed completely. It is also used for oncologic emergencies and prophylactic surgery in high risk patients. 2. Neutropenia- risk for infections Anemia- causing fatigue Thrombocytopenia- risk for bleeding Correct! Correct! Question 8 2.5 / 2.5 pts What are two important properties that stem cells possess? Your Answer: self renewal potncy Potency and self-renewal Question 9 0 / 2.5 pts These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide: Your Answer: angiogenesis progenitor or parent cells Question 10 3 / 4 pts Define polyp. Are they benign or malignant? Your Answer: they project from the mecousas of in the intestine, they are fingerlike and project, they are bening A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant Question 11 3 / 3 pts What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? Your Answer: protoocongenes protooncogenes Question 12 3 / 3 pts What is a tumor suppressor gene? Give one example. Your Answer: tumer supress gene slows the cell division, repair DNA mistakes, also play role by inhibiting the proleferation of the cell example is brca1 and 2 , tp 53 Tumor suppressor genes are associated with gene underactivity. These genes slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. BRCA1 or 2, TP53 Question 13 7 / 10 pts A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has a uterine tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her? Explain at least 2 differences between a benign and malignant tumor. Your Answer: bening has well differentaited ,grows by expansion, progress slow, does not metastasis, does not cause problem , unles its compressing blood vessels or the brain malignant invades surrounding tissue and oragan, grows rapidly, spread, can matastasis can cause cancer, c and invade other organs and tissue and its very dengerous Leiomyoma is a benign tumor. (Leiomyosarcoma is malignant) Student can add any of the following: Benign tumors are well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues of origin, and have a slow, progressive rate of growth. They grow by expansion and remain localized to their site of origin, not capable of metastasizing. They develop a rim of connective tissue around the tumor called a fibrous capsule, which aids in surgical removal. Benign tumors are less of a threat unless they interfere with vital functions Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy tissue. They grow rapidly, spread to other parts of the body, and lack well- defined margins. They can compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue injury. Surgery can be more difficult if it has spread. Question 14 10 / 10 pts A 62-year-old man with a 30-pack year smoking history is diagnosed with small cell lung cancer with metastasis to the bone. (1) Explain the process of how cancer spreads metastatically. (2) What symptoms might he have presented with? (3) Which screening test would he have benefited from? Your Answer: first matastasisng cancer cell must break lose, and invade the surounding extra cellualr matrix to get acecess blod vessels,to gorw, then it must survive through the blood stream until it comes up a favorable location to deveopl the blood supply and invade the surounding tissue 2- coughing, shortness breath bone pain 3- yearly shows los dose chest CT (1) Metastasis- a cancer cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply. (2) Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, bone pain. (3) Yearly low-dose chest CT. Correct! Correct! Correct! Correct! Correct! List 4 of the 7 risk factors linked to cancer as stated in the module. Your Answer: obisity radation cancer causing agents envirnmental agent heredity hormonal Heredity, hormonal factors, obesity, immunologic mechanisms, environmental agents such as chemicals, radiation, and cancer-causing viruses. Question 18 10 / 10 pts 1. is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites. 2. The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as . Your Answer: chemotherapy cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome 1. chemotherapy 2. cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome Correct! Correct! Correct! Question 20 3.5 / 3.5 pts Correct! Question 21 3 / 3 pts List one example of screening for each method: observation, palpation, and lab test/procedure: Your Answer: abservation, skin mouth palpation, thyroid, rectum lab test, pap smear, mommogarphy Observation: skin, mouth, external genitalia Palpation: breast, thyroid, rectum and anus, prostate, lymph nodes Laboratory tests and procedures: Pap smear, colonoscopy, mammography Quiz Score: 90.5 out of 100