Hersenen en Gedrag
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Cacioppo ............................................................................................................................................. 7
What is psychology? ....................................................................................................................... 7
How did the science of psychology begin? ................................................................................... 10
What are psychological perspectives? .......................................................................................... 16
What does it mean to be a psychologist? ..................................................................................... 19
The biological approach to behaviour .......................................................................................... 21
Biological explanations of behaviour ............................................................................................ 23
Career opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 24
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 26
Module 1.1 – genetics and evolution of behaviour ...................................................................... 26
The use of animals in research...................................................................................................... 35
Introduction – in closing – your brain and your experience ......................................................... 37
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Module 1.1 – the cells of the nervous system .............................................................................. 37
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Module 1.2 – the nerve impulse ................................................................................................... 47
Module 1.2 – in closing – neurons and messages ........................................................................ 54
Genetica ................................................................................................................................................ 57
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 66
Werkgroep – 9-9-2022 .......................................................................................................................... 70
Hoorcollege – 12-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 75
Hoofdstuk 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 93
Module 2.1 – the concept of the synapse ........................................................................................ 93
Properties of synapses .................................................................................................................. 93
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and action potentials................................................................. 97
Module 2.1 – in closing – the neuron as decision maker ............................................................. 98
Module 2.2 – chemical events at the synapse .................................................................................. 98
The discovery of chemical transmission at synapses.................................................................... 98
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ............................................................................ 99
Hormones.................................................................................................................................... 108
Module 2.2 – in closing – neurotransmitters and behaviour ..................................................... 112
1
,Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 115
Module 14.1 – substance abuse ..................................................................................................... 115
Drug mechanisms........................................................................................................................ 115
Predispositions ............................................................................................................................ 115
Synaptic mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 116
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 117
Module 14.1 – in closing – the psychology and biology of substance abuse ............................. 118
Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 120
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 123
Hoofdstuk 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 147
Module 3.1 – structure of the vertebrate nervous system ............................................................ 147
Terminology to describe the nervous system ............................................................................. 147
The spinal cord ............................................................................................................................ 150
The autonomic nervous system .................................................................................................. 151
The hindbrain .............................................................................................................................. 152
The midbrain ............................................................................................................................... 154
The forebrain .............................................................................................................................. 155
The ventricles .............................................................................................................................. 160
Module 3.1 – in closing – learning neuroanatomy ..................................................................... 160
Module 3.2 – the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................... 162
Organization of the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................ 162
The occipital lobe ........................................................................................................................ 164
The parietal lobe ......................................................................................................................... 165
The temporal lobe....................................................................................................................... 165
The frontal lobe........................................................................................................................... 165
How do the parts work together?............................................................................................... 166
Module 3.2 – in closing – functions of the cerebral cortex ........................................................ 167
Module 3.3 – research methods ..................................................................................................... 168
Effects of brain damage .............................................................................................................. 168
Effects of brain stimulation ......................................................................................................... 169
Recording brain activity .............................................................................................................. 170
Correlating brain anatomy with behaviour................................................................................. 172
Module 3.3. – in closing – research methods and progress ....................................................... 174
Voorschouw neuroanatomie .............................................................................................................. 176
Hoorcollege – 19-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 187
Werkgroep – 19-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 208
2
,Voorschouw motoriek ........................................................................................................................ 210
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 214
Hoofdstuk 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 223
Module 4.2 – development of the brain ......................................................................................... 223
Maturation of the vertebrate brain ............................................................................................ 223
Pathfinding by axons ................................................................................................................... 224
Determinants of neuronal survival ............................................................................................. 227
Differentiation of the cortex ....................................................................................................... 228
The vulnerable developing brain ................................................................................................ 229
Fine-tuning by experience .......................................................................................................... 229
Brain development and behavioural development .................................................................... 233
Module 4.2 – in closing – brain development ............................................................................ 233
Module 4.3 – plasticity after brain damage .................................................................................... 235
Brain damage and short-term recovery...................................................................................... 235
Later mechanisms of recovery .................................................................................................... 236
Module 4.3 – in closing – brain damage and recovery ............................................................... 238
Hoofdstuk 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 240
Module 7.1 – the control of movement ......................................................................................... 240
Muscles and their movements.................................................................................................... 240
Units of movement ..................................................................................................................... 243
Module 7.1 – in closing – categories of movement .................................................................... 244
Module 7.2 – brain mechanisms of movement .............................................................................. 244
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 245
The cerebellum ........................................................................................................................... 250
The basal ganglia ......................................................................................................................... 251
Brain areas and motor learning .................................................................................................. 253
Conscious decisions and movement ........................................................................................... 253
Module 7.2 – in closing – movement control and cognition ...................................................... 254
Module 7.3 – movement disorders ................................................................................................ 255
Parkinson’s disease ..................................................................................................................... 255
Huntington’s disease................................................................................................................... 256
Module 7.3 – in closing – movement disorders affect more than movement ........................... 258
Werkgroep – 26-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 260
Hoorcollege – 26-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 261
The first brain-compute interface implant for locked-in syndrome ................................................... 268
Hoorcollege – 29-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 269
3
,Hoofdstuk 11 ....................................................................................................................................... 283
Module 11.1 – what is emotion? .................................................................................................... 283
Emotions and autonomic arousal ............................................................................................... 283
Do people have a few basic emotions? ...................................................................................... 285
The functions of emotion............................................................................................................ 286
Module 11.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 287
Module 11.2 – attack and escape behaviours ................................................................................ 287
Attack behaviours ....................................................................................................................... 287
Fear and anxiety .......................................................................................................................... 289
Anxiety disorders ........................................................................................................................ 293
Relief from anxiety ...................................................................................................................... 294
Module 11.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 294
Hoofdstuk 13 ....................................................................................................................................... 296
Module 13.3 – making decisions and social neuroscience ............................................................. 296
Perceptual decisions ................................................................................................................... 296
Decisions based on values .......................................................................................................... 296
The biology of love ...................................................................................................................... 297
Empathy and altruism ................................................................................................................. 297
Module 13.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 298
Hoofdstuk 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 299
Module 8.1 – rhythms of waking and sleeping ............................................................................... 299
Endogenous rhythms .................................................................................................................. 299
Setting and resetting the biological clock ................................................................................... 300
Mechanisms of the biological clock ............................................................................................ 301
Module 8.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 303
Module 8.2 – stages of sleep and brain mechanisms ..................................................................... 304
Sleep and other interruptions of consciousness......................................................................... 304
The stages of sleep ...................................................................................................................... 304
Paradoxical or REM sleep............................................................................................................ 306
Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal, and sleep............................................................... 306
Brain activity in REM sleep.......................................................................................................... 308
Sleep disorders ............................................................................................................................ 309
Module 8.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 311
Voorschouw fantoom ......................................................................................................................... 313
Voorschouw slaap ............................................................................................................................... 318
Hoorcollege – 10-10-2022................................................................................................................... 333
4
,Werkgroep – 10-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 348
Hoofdstuk 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 351
Module 10.1 – sex and hormones .................................................................................................. 351
Organizing effects of sex hormones ........................................................................................... 352
Activating effects of sex hormones ............................................................................................. 355
Parental behaviour...................................................................................................................... 357
Module 10.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 358
Module 10.2 – variations in sexual behaviour ................................................................................ 359
Evolutionary interpretations of mating behaviour ..................................................................... 359
Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviours ............................................................. 360
Sexual orientation ....................................................................................................................... 361
Module 10.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 364
Hoorcollege – 11-10-2022................................................................................................................... 366
Naschouw hormonen.......................................................................................................................... 381
Voorschouw depressie ........................................................................................................................ 388
Hoorcollege – 17-10-2022................................................................................................................... 393
Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 420
Module 14.2 – mood disorders....................................................................................................... 420
Major depressive disorder .......................................................................................................... 420
Antidepressant drugs .................................................................................................................. 421
Bipolar disorder........................................................................................................................... 425
Module 14.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 426
Module 14.3 – schizophrenia .......................................................................................................... 427
Diagnosis ..................................................................................................................................... 427
Genetics ...................................................................................................................................... 428
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis ......................................................................................... 430
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 431
Module 14.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 434
The troubled mind – psychological disorders ................................................................................. 435
What does it mean to have a psychological disorder ................................................................. 436
How are psychological disorders diagnosed? ............................................................................. 437
What do the psychological perspectives tell us about disorders? ............................................. 438
Which disorders emerge in childhood? ...................................................................................... 438
Summary 14.1 – neurodevelopmental disorders ....................................................................... 442
What is an anxiety disorder? ...................................................................................................... 442
OCD and related disorders .......................................................................................................... 446
5
, What are dissociative disorders? ................................................................................................ 447
What are somatic symptom disorder and related disorders? .................................................... 447
What are personality disorders?................................................................................................. 447
Psychology as a hub of science – the dark side of leadership .................................................... 448
Interpersonal relationships – the clinical perspective ................................................................ 449
Psychology takes on real-word problems – is cyberbullying related to psychological disorders?
.................................................................................................................................................... 449
Summary 14.3 – anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic
disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ................................................................... 449
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 450
Hoorcollege – 18-10-2022................................................................................................................... 452
Hoofdstuk 16 ....................................................................................................................................... 476
The healthy mind – stress and coping, health psychology, and positive psychology ..................... 476
What is stress? ............................................................................................................................ 476
What are the biological and social correlates of stress? ............................................................ 479
Stress and the amygdala ............................................................................................................. 479
How does stress affect our health? ............................................................................................ 482
Summary 16.1 – stages in Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome...................................... 484
What is the relationship between psychology and health? ....................................................... 484
Summary 16.2 – five domains of health behaviour .................................................................... 490
Voorschouw stress .............................................................................................................................. 492
Hoorcollege – 24-20-2022................................................................................................................... 497
Werkgroep – 24-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 515
6
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 7
Cacioppo ............................................................................................................................................. 7
What is psychology? ....................................................................................................................... 7
How did the science of psychology begin? ................................................................................... 10
What are psychological perspectives? .......................................................................................... 16
What does it mean to be a psychologist? ..................................................................................... 19
The biological approach to behaviour .......................................................................................... 21
Biological explanations of behaviour ............................................................................................ 23
Career opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 24
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 26
Module 1.1 – genetics and evolution of behaviour ...................................................................... 26
The use of animals in research...................................................................................................... 35
Introduction – in closing – your brain and your experience ......................................................... 37
Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 37
Module 1.1 – the cells of the nervous system .............................................................................. 37
Kalat .................................................................................................................................................. 47
Module 1.2 – the nerve impulse ................................................................................................... 47
Module 1.2 – in closing – neurons and messages ........................................................................ 54
Genetica ................................................................................................................................................ 57
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 66
Werkgroep – 9-9-2022 .......................................................................................................................... 70
Hoorcollege – 12-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 75
Hoofdstuk 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 93
Module 2.1 – the concept of the synapse ........................................................................................ 93
Properties of synapses .................................................................................................................. 93
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and action potentials................................................................. 97
Module 2.1 – in closing – the neuron as decision maker ............................................................. 98
Module 2.2 – chemical events at the synapse .................................................................................. 98
The discovery of chemical transmission at synapses.................................................................... 98
The sequence of chemical events at a synapse ............................................................................ 99
Hormones.................................................................................................................................... 108
Module 2.2 – in closing – neurotransmitters and behaviour ..................................................... 112
1
,Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 115
Module 14.1 – substance abuse ..................................................................................................... 115
Drug mechanisms........................................................................................................................ 115
Predispositions ............................................................................................................................ 115
Synaptic mechanisms .................................................................................................................. 116
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 117
Module 14.1 – in closing – the psychology and biology of substance abuse ............................. 118
Neuron ................................................................................................................................................ 120
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 123
Hoofdstuk 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 147
Module 3.1 – structure of the vertebrate nervous system ............................................................ 147
Terminology to describe the nervous system ............................................................................. 147
The spinal cord ............................................................................................................................ 150
The autonomic nervous system .................................................................................................. 151
The hindbrain .............................................................................................................................. 152
The midbrain ............................................................................................................................... 154
The forebrain .............................................................................................................................. 155
The ventricles .............................................................................................................................. 160
Module 3.1 – in closing – learning neuroanatomy ..................................................................... 160
Module 3.2 – the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................... 162
Organization of the cerebral cortex ................................................................................................ 162
The occipital lobe ........................................................................................................................ 164
The parietal lobe ......................................................................................................................... 165
The temporal lobe....................................................................................................................... 165
The frontal lobe........................................................................................................................... 165
How do the parts work together?............................................................................................... 166
Module 3.2 – in closing – functions of the cerebral cortex ........................................................ 167
Module 3.3 – research methods ..................................................................................................... 168
Effects of brain damage .............................................................................................................. 168
Effects of brain stimulation ......................................................................................................... 169
Recording brain activity .............................................................................................................. 170
Correlating brain anatomy with behaviour................................................................................. 172
Module 3.3. – in closing – research methods and progress ....................................................... 174
Voorschouw neuroanatomie .............................................................................................................. 176
Hoorcollege – 19-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 187
Werkgroep – 19-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 208
2
,Voorschouw motoriek ........................................................................................................................ 210
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 214
Hoofdstuk 4 ......................................................................................................................................... 223
Module 4.2 – development of the brain ......................................................................................... 223
Maturation of the vertebrate brain ............................................................................................ 223
Pathfinding by axons ................................................................................................................... 224
Determinants of neuronal survival ............................................................................................. 227
Differentiation of the cortex ....................................................................................................... 228
The vulnerable developing brain ................................................................................................ 229
Fine-tuning by experience .......................................................................................................... 229
Brain development and behavioural development .................................................................... 233
Module 4.2 – in closing – brain development ............................................................................ 233
Module 4.3 – plasticity after brain damage .................................................................................... 235
Brain damage and short-term recovery...................................................................................... 235
Later mechanisms of recovery .................................................................................................... 236
Module 4.3 – in closing – brain damage and recovery ............................................................... 238
Hoofdstuk 7 ......................................................................................................................................... 240
Module 7.1 – the control of movement ......................................................................................... 240
Muscles and their movements.................................................................................................... 240
Units of movement ..................................................................................................................... 243
Module 7.1 – in closing – categories of movement .................................................................... 244
Module 7.2 – brain mechanisms of movement .............................................................................. 244
The cerebral cortex ..................................................................................................................... 245
The cerebellum ........................................................................................................................... 250
The basal ganglia ......................................................................................................................... 251
Brain areas and motor learning .................................................................................................. 253
Conscious decisions and movement ........................................................................................... 253
Module 7.2 – in closing – movement control and cognition ...................................................... 254
Module 7.3 – movement disorders ................................................................................................ 255
Parkinson’s disease ..................................................................................................................... 255
Huntington’s disease................................................................................................................... 256
Module 7.3 – in closing – movement disorders affect more than movement ........................... 258
Werkgroep – 26-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 260
Hoorcollege – 26-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 261
The first brain-compute interface implant for locked-in syndrome ................................................... 268
Hoorcollege – 29-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 269
3
,Hoofdstuk 11 ....................................................................................................................................... 283
Module 11.1 – what is emotion? .................................................................................................... 283
Emotions and autonomic arousal ............................................................................................... 283
Do people have a few basic emotions? ...................................................................................... 285
The functions of emotion............................................................................................................ 286
Module 11.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 287
Module 11.2 – attack and escape behaviours ................................................................................ 287
Attack behaviours ....................................................................................................................... 287
Fear and anxiety .......................................................................................................................... 289
Anxiety disorders ........................................................................................................................ 293
Relief from anxiety ...................................................................................................................... 294
Module 11.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 294
Hoofdstuk 13 ....................................................................................................................................... 296
Module 13.3 – making decisions and social neuroscience ............................................................. 296
Perceptual decisions ................................................................................................................... 296
Decisions based on values .......................................................................................................... 296
The biology of love ...................................................................................................................... 297
Empathy and altruism ................................................................................................................. 297
Module 13.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 298
Hoofdstuk 8 ......................................................................................................................................... 299
Module 8.1 – rhythms of waking and sleeping ............................................................................... 299
Endogenous rhythms .................................................................................................................. 299
Setting and resetting the biological clock ................................................................................... 300
Mechanisms of the biological clock ............................................................................................ 301
Module 8.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 303
Module 8.2 – stages of sleep and brain mechanisms ..................................................................... 304
Sleep and other interruptions of consciousness......................................................................... 304
The stages of sleep ...................................................................................................................... 304
Paradoxical or REM sleep............................................................................................................ 306
Brain mechanisms of wakefulness, arousal, and sleep............................................................... 306
Brain activity in REM sleep.......................................................................................................... 308
Sleep disorders ............................................................................................................................ 309
Module 8.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................... 311
Voorschouw fantoom ......................................................................................................................... 313
Voorschouw slaap ............................................................................................................................... 318
Hoorcollege – 10-10-2022................................................................................................................... 333
4
,Werkgroep – 10-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 348
Hoofdstuk 10 ....................................................................................................................................... 351
Module 10.1 – sex and hormones .................................................................................................. 351
Organizing effects of sex hormones ........................................................................................... 352
Activating effects of sex hormones ............................................................................................. 355
Parental behaviour...................................................................................................................... 357
Module 10.1 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 358
Module 10.2 – variations in sexual behaviour ................................................................................ 359
Evolutionary interpretations of mating behaviour ..................................................................... 359
Gender identity and gender-differentiated behaviours ............................................................. 360
Sexual orientation ....................................................................................................................... 361
Module 10.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 364
Hoorcollege – 11-10-2022................................................................................................................... 366
Naschouw hormonen.......................................................................................................................... 381
Voorschouw depressie ........................................................................................................................ 388
Hoorcollege – 17-10-2022................................................................................................................... 393
Hoofdstuk 14 ....................................................................................................................................... 420
Module 14.2 – mood disorders....................................................................................................... 420
Major depressive disorder .......................................................................................................... 420
Antidepressant drugs .................................................................................................................. 421
Bipolar disorder........................................................................................................................... 425
Module 14.2 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 426
Module 14.3 – schizophrenia .......................................................................................................... 427
Diagnosis ..................................................................................................................................... 427
Genetics ...................................................................................................................................... 428
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis ......................................................................................... 430
Treatments .................................................................................................................................. 431
Module 14.3 – in closing ............................................................................................................. 434
The troubled mind – psychological disorders ................................................................................. 435
What does it mean to have a psychological disorder ................................................................. 436
How are psychological disorders diagnosed? ............................................................................. 437
What do the psychological perspectives tell us about disorders? ............................................. 438
Which disorders emerge in childhood? ...................................................................................... 438
Summary 14.1 – neurodevelopmental disorders ....................................................................... 442
What is an anxiety disorder? ...................................................................................................... 442
OCD and related disorders .......................................................................................................... 446
5
, What are dissociative disorders? ................................................................................................ 447
What are somatic symptom disorder and related disorders? .................................................... 447
What are personality disorders?................................................................................................. 447
Psychology as a hub of science – the dark side of leadership .................................................... 448
Interpersonal relationships – the clinical perspective ................................................................ 449
Psychology takes on real-word problems – is cyberbullying related to psychological disorders?
.................................................................................................................................................... 449
Summary 14.3 – anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic
disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ................................................................... 449
Key terms .................................................................................................................................... 450
Hoorcollege – 18-10-2022................................................................................................................... 452
Hoofdstuk 16 ....................................................................................................................................... 476
The healthy mind – stress and coping, health psychology, and positive psychology ..................... 476
What is stress? ............................................................................................................................ 476
What are the biological and social correlates of stress? ............................................................ 479
Stress and the amygdala ............................................................................................................. 479
How does stress affect our health? ............................................................................................ 482
Summary 16.1 – stages in Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome...................................... 484
What is the relationship between psychology and health? ....................................................... 484
Summary 16.2 – five domains of health behaviour .................................................................... 490
Voorschouw stress .............................................................................................................................. 492
Hoorcollege – 24-20-2022................................................................................................................... 497
Werkgroep – 24-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 515
6
