Kennismaking met Onderzoeksmethoden
en Statistiek
Inhoud
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022........................................................................................................................... 5
Grasple – Literatuur opzoeken en APA refereren................................................................................. 11
Literatuur zoeken .............................................................................................................................. 11
APA referentie................................................................................................................................... 12
Literatuur opzoeken .......................................................................................................................... 12
Hoorcollege – 8-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 14
Grasple – selecte steekproefmethoden................................................................................................ 23
Gemakssteekproef ............................................................................................................................ 24
Doelgerichte steekproef ................................................................................................................... 24
Quotasteekproef ............................................................................................................................... 25
Sneeuwbalsteekproef ....................................................................................................................... 26
Complexere situatie .......................................................................................................................... 26
Sequentiële steekproef ..................................................................................................................... 26
Selecte steekproeven oefenen met een Shiny App .......................................................................... 27
Grasple – selecte steekproefmethoden herkennen ............................................................................. 29
Grasple – SPI(C)E acroniem ................................................................................................................... 32
Grasple – Triangulatie ........................................................................................................................... 33
Triangulatie ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Vormen van triangulatie ................................................................................................................... 33
Data-triangulatie ............................................................................................................................... 33
Onderzoeker triangulatie .................................................................................................................. 33
Theoretische triangulatie .................................................................................................................. 33
Methodologische triangulatie ........................................................................................................... 34
Werkgroep – 14-9-2022 ........................................................................................................................ 35
Hoorcollege – 13-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 37
Grasple – leesplan: artikel kwalitatief onderzoek................................................................................. 48
Grasple – coderen ................................................................................................................................. 52
Grasple – kwalitatieve learning check .................................................................................................. 54
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 57
Grasple – meetniveaus ......................................................................................................................... 69
1
,Grasple – operationaliseren.................................................................................................................. 73
Toepassing op onderzoek ................................................................................................................. 73
Grasple – meer meetniveaus en operationaliseren ............................................................................. 76
Grasple – beschrijvende statistieken (met Shiny App) ......................................................................... 80
Uitleg ................................................................................................................................................. 82
Uitleg ................................................................................................................................................. 83
Grasple – hoorcollege ........................................................................................................................... 86
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 86
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 99
Grasple – aselecte steekproefmethoden (met Shiny App) ................................................................. 101
Grasple – validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ............................................................................................ 110
Toepassing op onderzoek ............................................................................................................... 110
Toepassing op onderzoek ............................................................................................................... 111
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 112
Grasple – soorten betrouwbaarheid en begripsvaliditeit ................................................................... 113
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 114
Grasple – correlatie versus causatie ................................................................................................... 116
Grasple – populatie en steekproef ..................................................................................................... 119
Grasple – correlatie verdiepend ......................................................................................................... 122
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 127
Grasple – correlaties in steekproeven (met Shiny App) ..................................................................... 138
Grasple – statistische validiteit correlatie........................................................................................... 144
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 146
Grasple – de Spearman correlatie ...................................................................................................... 148
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................... 148
Spearman correlatie........................................................................................................................ 149
Spearman correlatie........................................................................................................................ 150
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................ 150
Uitleg ............................................................................................................................................... 151
Uitleg ............................................................................................................................................... 151
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................ 152
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................ 153
Notatie ............................................................................................................................................ 153
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 153
Werkgroep – 28-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 155
Grasple – correlationele learning check ............................................................................................. 157
2
,Hoorcollege – 4-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 160
Grasple – hypotheses opstellen .......................................................................................................... 173
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 175
Grasple p-waarde ................................................................................................................................ 177
De grote lijn..................................................................................................................................... 177
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 183
Grasple – 1 en 2-zijdig toetsen............................................................................................................ 185
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 188
Hoorcollege – 6-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 192
Grasple – type I en II fouten................................................................................................................ 204
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 206
Grasple – power .................................................................................................................................. 208
Grasple – randomiseren...................................................................................................................... 211
Gerandomiseerd experiment .......................................................................................................... 211
Een voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 211
Doel van randomisatie .................................................................................................................... 211
Steekproeftrekking ......................................................................................................................... 212
Randomisatie check ........................................................................................................................ 213
Grasple – p-waarden vergelijken ........................................................................................................ 215
Grasple – Cohen’s d ............................................................................................................................ 221
Cohen's d in de praktijk................................................................................................................... 222
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 223
Hoorcollege – 11-10-2022................................................................................................................... 226
Werkgroep – 12-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 236
Grasple – meer hypothesetoetsen ..................................................................................................... 239
Grasple – statistische validiteit t-toets ............................................................................................... 246
Kwaliteit van kwantitatief onderzoek ............................................................................................. 246
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 252
Hoorcollege 13-10-2022 ..................................................................................................................... 254
Grasple – experimentele learning check ............................................................................................ 264
Hoorcollege 18-10-2022 ..................................................................................................................... 268
Grasple – gedragscode wetenschappelijke integriteit........................................................................ 279
Idee/theorie .................................................................................................................................... 279
Onderzoeksontwerp ....................................................................................................................... 279
Uitsluiten alternatieve verklaringen ............................................................................................... 281
Conclusie ......................................................................................................................................... 281
3
, Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 285
Grasple – questionable research practices ......................................................................................... 287
Publication bias is een probleem voor meta-analyses ................................................................... 292
Questionable Research Practices.................................................................................................... 295
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 297
Werkgroep – 19-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 299
Nosek – blz. 943 .................................................................................................................................. 304
Grasple – Open Science ...................................................................................................................... 305
Open Science................................................................................................................................... 305
Kwaliteit en betrouwbaarheid van open access tijdschriften ........................................................ 306
Met Open Science naar meer eerlijkheid en transparantie............................................................ 306
Met Open Science naar meer eerlijkheid en transparantie............................................................ 307
Data Management Plan .................................................................................................................. 307
FAIRNESS, DMP en transparantie ................................................................................................... 307
Reproductie en replicatie................................................................................................................ 308
Triangulatie en replicatie ................................................................................................................ 308
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 308
Grasple – learning check overeenkomsten......................................................................................... 310
What will I be? The role of temporal perspective in predictions of affect, traits, and self-narratives
............................................................................................................................................................ 312
Legend ............................................................................................................................................. 312
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 312
Experiment 1: Temporal distance and prospective affect .............................................................. 315
Method ....................................................................................................................................... 315
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................ 316
Experiment 2: Temporal distance and prospective traits ............................................................... 316
Method ....................................................................................................................................... 317
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................ 318
Experiment 3: Temporal distance and prospective self-narratives ................................................ 318
Method ....................................................................................................................................... 319
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................ 320
General discussion .......................................................................................................................... 323
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... 326
PICO................................................................................................................................................. 326
4
en Statistiek
Inhoud
Hoorcollege – 6-9-2022........................................................................................................................... 5
Grasple – Literatuur opzoeken en APA refereren................................................................................. 11
Literatuur zoeken .............................................................................................................................. 11
APA referentie................................................................................................................................... 12
Literatuur opzoeken .......................................................................................................................... 12
Hoorcollege – 8-9-2022......................................................................................................................... 14
Grasple – selecte steekproefmethoden................................................................................................ 23
Gemakssteekproef ............................................................................................................................ 24
Doelgerichte steekproef ................................................................................................................... 24
Quotasteekproef ............................................................................................................................... 25
Sneeuwbalsteekproef ....................................................................................................................... 26
Complexere situatie .......................................................................................................................... 26
Sequentiële steekproef ..................................................................................................................... 26
Selecte steekproeven oefenen met een Shiny App .......................................................................... 27
Grasple – selecte steekproefmethoden herkennen ............................................................................. 29
Grasple – SPI(C)E acroniem ................................................................................................................... 32
Grasple – Triangulatie ........................................................................................................................... 33
Triangulatie ....................................................................................................................................... 33
Vormen van triangulatie ................................................................................................................... 33
Data-triangulatie ............................................................................................................................... 33
Onderzoeker triangulatie .................................................................................................................. 33
Theoretische triangulatie .................................................................................................................. 33
Methodologische triangulatie ........................................................................................................... 34
Werkgroep – 14-9-2022 ........................................................................................................................ 35
Hoorcollege – 13-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 37
Grasple – leesplan: artikel kwalitatief onderzoek................................................................................. 48
Grasple – coderen ................................................................................................................................. 52
Grasple – kwalitatieve learning check .................................................................................................. 54
Hoorcollege – 15-9-2022....................................................................................................................... 57
Grasple – meetniveaus ......................................................................................................................... 69
1
,Grasple – operationaliseren.................................................................................................................. 73
Toepassing op onderzoek ................................................................................................................. 73
Grasple – meer meetniveaus en operationaliseren ............................................................................. 76
Grasple – beschrijvende statistieken (met Shiny App) ......................................................................... 80
Uitleg ................................................................................................................................................. 82
Uitleg ................................................................................................................................................. 83
Grasple – hoorcollege ........................................................................................................................... 86
Inleiding............................................................................................................................................. 86
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................... 99
Grasple – aselecte steekproefmethoden (met Shiny App) ................................................................. 101
Grasple – validiteit en betrouwbaarheid ............................................................................................ 110
Toepassing op onderzoek ............................................................................................................... 110
Toepassing op onderzoek ............................................................................................................... 111
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 112
Grasple – soorten betrouwbaarheid en begripsvaliditeit ................................................................... 113
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 114
Grasple – correlatie versus causatie ................................................................................................... 116
Grasple – populatie en steekproef ..................................................................................................... 119
Grasple – correlatie verdiepend ......................................................................................................... 122
Hoorcollege – 22-9-2022..................................................................................................................... 127
Grasple – correlaties in steekproeven (met Shiny App) ..................................................................... 138
Grasple – statistische validiteit correlatie........................................................................................... 144
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 146
Grasple – de Spearman correlatie ...................................................................................................... 148
Inleiding........................................................................................................................................... 148
Spearman correlatie........................................................................................................................ 149
Spearman correlatie........................................................................................................................ 150
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................ 150
Uitleg ............................................................................................................................................... 151
Uitleg ............................................................................................................................................... 151
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................ 152
Voorbeeld........................................................................................................................................ 153
Notatie ............................................................................................................................................ 153
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 153
Werkgroep – 28-9-2022 ...................................................................................................................... 155
Grasple – correlationele learning check ............................................................................................. 157
2
,Hoorcollege – 4-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 160
Grasple – hypotheses opstellen .......................................................................................................... 173
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 175
Grasple p-waarde ................................................................................................................................ 177
De grote lijn..................................................................................................................................... 177
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 183
Grasple – 1 en 2-zijdig toetsen............................................................................................................ 185
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 188
Hoorcollege – 6-10-2022..................................................................................................................... 192
Grasple – type I en II fouten................................................................................................................ 204
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 206
Grasple – power .................................................................................................................................. 208
Grasple – randomiseren...................................................................................................................... 211
Gerandomiseerd experiment .......................................................................................................... 211
Een voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 211
Doel van randomisatie .................................................................................................................... 211
Steekproeftrekking ......................................................................................................................... 212
Randomisatie check ........................................................................................................................ 213
Grasple – p-waarden vergelijken ........................................................................................................ 215
Grasple – Cohen’s d ............................................................................................................................ 221
Cohen's d in de praktijk................................................................................................................... 222
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 223
Hoorcollege – 11-10-2022................................................................................................................... 226
Werkgroep – 12-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 236
Grasple – meer hypothesetoetsen ..................................................................................................... 239
Grasple – statistische validiteit t-toets ............................................................................................... 246
Kwaliteit van kwantitatief onderzoek ............................................................................................. 246
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 252
Hoorcollege 13-10-2022 ..................................................................................................................... 254
Grasple – experimentele learning check ............................................................................................ 264
Hoorcollege 18-10-2022 ..................................................................................................................... 268
Grasple – gedragscode wetenschappelijke integriteit........................................................................ 279
Idee/theorie .................................................................................................................................... 279
Onderzoeksontwerp ....................................................................................................................... 279
Uitsluiten alternatieve verklaringen ............................................................................................... 281
Conclusie ......................................................................................................................................... 281
3
, Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 285
Grasple – questionable research practices ......................................................................................... 287
Publication bias is een probleem voor meta-analyses ................................................................... 292
Questionable Research Practices.................................................................................................... 295
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 297
Werkgroep – 19-10-2022 .................................................................................................................... 299
Nosek – blz. 943 .................................................................................................................................. 304
Grasple – Open Science ...................................................................................................................... 305
Open Science................................................................................................................................... 305
Kwaliteit en betrouwbaarheid van open access tijdschriften ........................................................ 306
Met Open Science naar meer eerlijkheid en transparantie............................................................ 306
Met Open Science naar meer eerlijkheid en transparantie............................................................ 307
Data Management Plan .................................................................................................................. 307
FAIRNESS, DMP en transparantie ................................................................................................... 307
Reproductie en replicatie................................................................................................................ 308
Triangulatie en replicatie ................................................................................................................ 308
Samenvatting .................................................................................................................................. 308
Grasple – learning check overeenkomsten......................................................................................... 310
What will I be? The role of temporal perspective in predictions of affect, traits, and self-narratives
............................................................................................................................................................ 312
Legend ............................................................................................................................................. 312
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 312
Experiment 1: Temporal distance and prospective affect .............................................................. 315
Method ....................................................................................................................................... 315
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................ 316
Experiment 2: Temporal distance and prospective traits ............................................................... 316
Method ....................................................................................................................................... 317
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................ 318
Experiment 3: Temporal distance and prospective self-narratives ................................................ 318
Method ....................................................................................................................................... 319
Results and discussion ................................................................................................................ 320
General discussion .......................................................................................................................... 323
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... 326
PICO................................................................................................................................................. 326
4
