BIOS 255 Week 5 Assignment: Case Study – Hypersensitivity Reactions (GRADED A)

BIOS 255 Week 5 Assignment: Case Study – Hypersensitivity Reactions (GRADED A) Week 5 Case Study: Hypersensitivity Reactions Chamberlain University BIOS 255: Anatomy & Physiology III Manual is Experiencing a Hypersensitivity Reaction. What Are Hypersensitivity Reactions? Hypersensitivity reactions are immune responses that are exaggerated against an antigen or allergen. It is a condition in which the normally protective immune system has a harmful effect on the body. Briefly Describe the Different Types of Hypersensitivity Reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into 4 major types: type I, type II, type III, and type IV. Type I, II, and III reactions results for antibody reactions and usually occur within 24 hours of exposer to the antigen or allergen. Type IV reactions involve T-cell lymphocytes and cell-mediated immune responses. Type I hypersensitivities are immune reactions to allergens. This reaction involves two types of white blood cells (mast cells and basophils), as well as IgE antibodies. Type II hypersensitivities, also called cytotoxic hypersensitivities, are the result of antibody (IgG & IgM) interactions with body cells and tissues that lead to cell destruction. Type III hypersensitivities are caused by the formation of immune complexes in body tissues. Immune complexes are masses of antigens with antibodies bound to them. These antigen-antibody complexes contain greater antibody (IgG) concentrations than antigen concentrations. The small complexes can settle on tissue surfaces, where they trigger inflammatory responses. Lastly, type IV hypersensitivities do not involve antibody actions but rather t-cell lymphocyte activity. These cells are involved in cell mediated immunity, a response to body cells that have become infected or carry foreign antigens. Type IV reactions are delayed reactions, as it takes some time for a response to occur. What Type of Hypersensitivity Reaction is Manual Likely Experiencing & How Do You Know? Manual is likely experiencing an anaphylactic reaction which is categorized under type I hypersensitivities. This is the most extreme form of hypersensitivity reactions. The reason I believe this, is because the bee may have had pollen dander on its body and then that may have been taken in by Manuel. The pollen dander is an allergen listed in type I hypersensitivity reactions. The pollen dander led to anaphylactic shock which included shortness of breath, swelling, and hives. Is This an Antibody or T-Cell Mediated Response? What Class of Antibodies or Type of T- Cells Are Involved? This is an antibody mediated response. The class of antibodies involved would be IgE antibodies. The allergen specific IgE antibodies are bind to mast cells and basophils, which contain histamine granules that are released in the reaction and cause inflammation. When specific allergens bind to the IgE, the crosslinking of IgE induces degranulation of mast cells which cause anaphylaxis. Why Was Epinephrine Administered & How Does Epinephrine Work in This Case? Epinephrine is one of the best medication choices for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Epinephrine has vasoconstrictor effects, it prevents or decreases upper airway mucosal edema (laryngeal edema), hypotension, and shock in anaphylaxis. Epinephrine also has important bronchodilator and cardiac inotropic and chronotropic effects which is used to treat this type of reaction.