MTO-E BEGRIPPEN
LECTURE 1
Research purposes
● Exploratory: explore phenomenon
● Descriptive: what?
● Explanatory: why?
● Evaluative: effectiveness of what exists. Polity intervention
● Generative: develop theories/strategies/actions
Paradigms
● Ontology: assumptions about nature reality (nature of what exists)
--> objectivism/realism: reality exist external of our thoughts and beliefs
--> constructivism/idealism: reality exists in our mind
● Epistemology: assumption about nature of learning + how acquired
○ positivism: human behavior governed by law-like regularities - possible to carry
out independent objective and value free social research
○ interpretivism: construct meaning. Look at social worl trough participants’ own
perspectives
→ QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: LARGELY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS
● Induction: patterns/associations from observations
● Deduction: propositions/hypotheses theoretically through logically derived process
1. Postivism
2. Post-positivism
3. Interpretivism
4. Critical realism
5. Constructionism
6. Critical theory
, LECTURE 2
● Theoretical research: aim of testing, generalizing, enhancing theoretical/academical
thinking
● Applied research: using the knowledge acquired trough research to contribute directly
to understanding contemporary issue
● Formative evaluation: provide information that will help/change/improve a programme
or policy
● Summative evaluation: impact of an intervention or policy in terms of
effectiveness/different outcomes
OBJECTIVISM/REALISM
● VALIDITY: Findings are an accurate reflection of reality
(credibility and plausibility = !)
○ Validation: checking validity by analysing/cross checking with other sources
○ Member / respondent validation: taking research evidence back to research
participants or study populationq
● REPLICABILITY: another researcher will be able to conduct the same research
(confirmability and dependability = !)
● RELIABILITY: when another researcher will conduct the research, the results will be the
same
CONSTRUCTIONISM/IDEALISM
● Credibility: confidence in the 'truth' of findings
● Transferability: findings applicability in other context
● Dependability - showing that the findings are consistent and could be REPEATED.
● Confirmability - a degree of neutrality or the extent to which the findings of a study are
shaped by the respondents and not researcher bias, motivation, or interest.
GENERALIZATION: single study → wider populations, context or social theory.
Sometimes referred to transferability or external validity.
→ REPRESENTATIVE GENERALIZABILITY
Whether what is found in a research sample can be generalized to, or held to be
equally true of, the parent population from which the sample is drawn.
→ INFERENTIAL GENERALIZABILITY / TRANSFERABILITY
Whether the findings from a particular study can be generalized or interfered, to
other settings or context beyond the sample (je onderzoekt in bep context; maar
ook generaliseren naar andere)
→ THEORETICAL GENERALIZABILITY
Draws theoretical propositions, principles or statements from the findings of a
study for more general application (op basis van uitkomsten onderzoek theorie
bedenken)
LECTURE 1
Research purposes
● Exploratory: explore phenomenon
● Descriptive: what?
● Explanatory: why?
● Evaluative: effectiveness of what exists. Polity intervention
● Generative: develop theories/strategies/actions
Paradigms
● Ontology: assumptions about nature reality (nature of what exists)
--> objectivism/realism: reality exist external of our thoughts and beliefs
--> constructivism/idealism: reality exists in our mind
● Epistemology: assumption about nature of learning + how acquired
○ positivism: human behavior governed by law-like regularities - possible to carry
out independent objective and value free social research
○ interpretivism: construct meaning. Look at social worl trough participants’ own
perspectives
→ QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: LARGELY ASSOCIATED WITH THIS
● Induction: patterns/associations from observations
● Deduction: propositions/hypotheses theoretically through logically derived process
1. Postivism
2. Post-positivism
3. Interpretivism
4. Critical realism
5. Constructionism
6. Critical theory
, LECTURE 2
● Theoretical research: aim of testing, generalizing, enhancing theoretical/academical
thinking
● Applied research: using the knowledge acquired trough research to contribute directly
to understanding contemporary issue
● Formative evaluation: provide information that will help/change/improve a programme
or policy
● Summative evaluation: impact of an intervention or policy in terms of
effectiveness/different outcomes
OBJECTIVISM/REALISM
● VALIDITY: Findings are an accurate reflection of reality
(credibility and plausibility = !)
○ Validation: checking validity by analysing/cross checking with other sources
○ Member / respondent validation: taking research evidence back to research
participants or study populationq
● REPLICABILITY: another researcher will be able to conduct the same research
(confirmability and dependability = !)
● RELIABILITY: when another researcher will conduct the research, the results will be the
same
CONSTRUCTIONISM/IDEALISM
● Credibility: confidence in the 'truth' of findings
● Transferability: findings applicability in other context
● Dependability - showing that the findings are consistent and could be REPEATED.
● Confirmability - a degree of neutrality or the extent to which the findings of a study are
shaped by the respondents and not researcher bias, motivation, or interest.
GENERALIZATION: single study → wider populations, context or social theory.
Sometimes referred to transferability or external validity.
→ REPRESENTATIVE GENERALIZABILITY
Whether what is found in a research sample can be generalized to, or held to be
equally true of, the parent population from which the sample is drawn.
→ INFERENTIAL GENERALIZABILITY / TRANSFERABILITY
Whether the findings from a particular study can be generalized or interfered, to
other settings or context beyond the sample (je onderzoekt in bep context; maar
ook generaliseren naar andere)
→ THEORETICAL GENERALIZABILITY
Draws theoretical propositions, principles or statements from the findings of a
study for more general application (op basis van uitkomsten onderzoek theorie
bedenken)
