AP European History Exam Review Questions and Answers Already Graded A

AP European History Exam Review Questions and Answers Already Graded A *Jacob Burkhardt* a Swiss writer that wrote Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy in 1860. He was the first to coin the Renaissance as a period of rebirth. Hanseatic League a commercial and defensive league of many merchant guilds and their market towns that were made up of many German States against trade that prevented a lot of commerce for a time The Medici a banking family of Florence that controlled much power in the city state; they helped patron much of the arts and made Florence the center of the Renaissance Baldassare Castilglione wrote Book of The Courtier; a standard for the Renaissance man that aimed to make a man achieve a well-rounded life through the arts. It also gave some advice on women, asking them to be chaste. Florence the center of the Renaissance. It was a cultural breeding ground and patroned many people of the arts. It was also a flourishing city in trade. Venice a city that was centered around trade and dominated in power Papal States the religious states that helped patron the arts. It was centered around the Pope's power Naples a kingdom that did not have much power; they were not a real patron of the Renaissance Isabella d'Este was one of the leading women in the Renaissance as a political and cultural figure that was a patron of the arts; regent of Mantua and prolific writer. She patroned the arts. Niccolo Maciavelli wrote The Prince that described that the acquisition and expansion of political power as the means to restore and mantain order. It was secular and said the ends justified the means. Cesare Borgia son of Pope Alexander VI that used ruthless measures to achieve his goal of carving a new state in Italy. He abandoned morality for political activity. Humanism an intellectual movement based on the study of the classical literary works of Greee and Rome. They studied the liberal arts and antiquity. They were largely secular. Petrarch the father of humanism. He was the first to say that the Middle Ages were a period of darkness. It set him searching for Latin books that put an emphasis on classical Latin such as that of Cicero. Civic Humanism Florence's humanist movement that was tied to civic spirit and pride in that country. Lorenzo Valla educated in bothLatin and Greek that made him write The Elegances of the Latin Language to purify medieval Latin and restore Latin to its proper position over the vernacular. He accepted only the Latin Language of the last century of the Roman Republic and first of their empire Neoplatonism the rebirth in interest in Plato that was advocated by the translator Ficino Giovanni Pico della Mirandola one of the most famous pieces of writing of the Renaissance called The Oration on the Dignity of Man. He combined the works of many philosophers that were all part of God's revelation to humanity. He believed in unlimited human potential. Johannes Gutenburg made the Gutenburg Bible, which was the first truebook of the West to be produced by the movable type. Sandro Boticelli had an interest in Greek and Roman mythology as seen with Primavera. It has well-defined figures with an otherworldly quality that is not quite realism. Donato di Donatello spent his time in Rome copying Greek and Roman statues. His statue David shows the triumph and strength of Florence over Milan. It had simplicity and strength that reflected the dignity of man. Filippo Brunelleschi a friend of Donatello that drew inspiration from architecture of Ancient Rome that built Church of San Lorenzo. He created church environments that did not overwhelm the worshipper but comforted them in human, not divine measurements. Leonardo da Vinci transitional figure to the High Renaissance that carried on experimenting and even disecting human bodies. He advanced the idealization of nature from natural to ideal form. It uses space and perspective to show people as three dimensional. Raphael he was acclaimed for madonnas that achieved an ideal beauty beyond human standards. He painted frescos in the Vatican and displayed balance, harmony and order. Michelangelo an accomplished painter, sculptor and architect that was influenced by Neoplatonism. His muscular figures shows an ideal being that shows divine nature. Jan van Eyeck the first to use oil paint that allowed a range of colors and fine details. He did not have a true grasp of perspective though. He used empirical observation of reality. Albrechet Durer understood laws of perspective and proportion. Adoration of the Magi brough details to the art as well as ideal form. Taille an annual direct tax on land or property Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon the dynastic union of two rulers not a political union. Both kingdoms maintained their own parliaments, courts, laws, coins, speech, customs and political organs.The two rulers worked to strengthen the government. They reorganized the military forces of Spain. They secured from the pope the right to select the most important church officials in Spain. They made people convert to Catholicism or they were forced to leave. John Wyclif disgust with clerical corruption led him to far-ranging attack on papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs and practices. Alleged that there was no basis in Scripture for papal claims and advocated popes to be stripped of their power. He attracted followers called Lollards John Hus urged the elemination of the worldliness and corruption of the clergy and attacked the excessive power of the papacy within the Catholic church. Hus was condemned as a heretic that led to revolutionary upheaval. Pope Julius II most involved in war and politics. Called the 'warrior-pope' personally led armies against his enemies,much to the disgust of pious Christians. Pope Leo X patron of Renaissance culture. Accelerated the construction of St. Peter's. Northern Humanism focused on sources of early Christianity, the Holy Scriptures and the writings of church fathers. They discovered a simple relgion. They believed that the teaching of this could bring inner piety that would reform the church and society. This brought support of education. Desiderius Erasmus formulated and popularized th