,Seminar 3
Bronfenbrenner = micro (most important for the child) meso exo (friends
of family) macro (traditional beliefs) chrono
• All the layers interact with each other
• Micro is direct en ouders hebben hier directe invloed op jou
• Macro is indirect en ouders hebben beliefs van society en dus
indirect ook weer invloed op jou
Youth become more sexualized?
• In general nowadays more sexualized, you can find it everywhere,
more content online that can be sexualized, TikTok, insta, but
children not always aware of it
• But flowerpower, dolle mina’s, more interested in sexual behavior on
individual level
• Het hangt waarschijnlijk samen; als alles geseksualiseerd wordt,
dan word je sneller preuts bij bloot (of andersom).
Ophef programma, Gewoon Bloot
• Voor: goed om verschillende naakte mensen te zien, beter voor het
zelfbeeld, realistisch, beter dan porno
• Tegen: kinderen worden zomaar geconfronteerd met vreemde
naakte mensen, kind kan slachtoffer zijn geweest van seksueel
geweld, trauma, ouders geen controle op wat kind allemaal kijkt dus kind kan ineens geconfronteerd worden
Artikel Naezer & Van Oosterhout
• One point made in this article: the assumption is often that you
shouldn’t be so stupid to send your own nude picture or
sextape to someone else your own fault. People who say
that, miss the point and forget that sexuality is exploration.
Instead of slutshaming girls whose pictures or tapes are being
distributed, we should focus on the perpetrators (those who
send them to others).
• We should not blame the victim – unfortunately still happens a
lot.
What type of sex-education is needed for preventing the risks of sexting?
focus on the perpetrators in stead of saying that victims shouldn’t sext,
ook positieve delen van sexting benaderen, geen victimblaming
Waarom dickpick? macht, zelfverzekerdheid, ander vindt het leuk,
spanning
If you want to study whether porn use is causally related to sexual aggression, what kind of research design would you need,
and what potential biases would you need to take into account?
• Correlation is not causation, so….
• Longitudinal study for temporal order effects however this does not solve the issue
• Experimental studies are often not possible (ethically)
• Adequate control for confounding (think of selection effects geen randomisatie, niet representatief): very often
variables such as sexual interest/ drive are forgotten
• Niet iedereen geeft eerlijk antwoord
• Vragenlijsten
Based on the lecture and literature, what would you recommend parents who are worried about effects of sexually explicit
material?
• Communication is key (early) veel gesprekken met ouders-kind minimaliseert sexual risk behavior
• Interest is normal, porn is not inherently negative
• Talk about the representation of men/women/sex (most kids understand that reality is different, but…)
Week 4
Lecture 4a. Sexual health: risks and interventions (Jenneke van Ditzhuijzen)
• Cense, M., & Ruard Ganzevoort, R. (2019). The storyscapes of teenage pregnancy. On morality, embodiment, and
narrative agency. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(4), 568-583.
• Zaneva, M., Philpott, A., Singh, A., Larsson, G., & Gonsalves, L. (2022). What is the added value of incorporating
pleasure in sexual health interventions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one, 17(2), e0261034.
Part 1: Sexual health risks – STIs and unintended pregnancy
What is ‘sexual risk behavior’?
• Sexual behavior that puts one at risk for adverse health outcomes
• Adverse health outcomes:
o STI (including HIV)
o Unwanted pregnancy (abortion/ carrying to term)
• The risk level depends on (also condom use etc)
o The outcome (e.g., oral sex is high risk for gonnorrhea, low risk for HIV)
o With whom (e.g., sex workers, casual partners)
, o Number of partners
• The risk is not only individual, but may also have consequences for others and the
environment (e.g., treatment of gonorrhea may lead to resistance to antibiotics in
general population)
IN GENERAL:
Dutch youth is doing relatively ‘well’, if you consider unintended pregnancy and STIs
unwanted outcomes
• Low teenage (unwanted) pregnancy rate
• Low abortion rate
• Low rate of non-users of any contraception
• Low HIV/ STI prevalence
Sexual risk behavior related to STIs
Factors influencing HIV-related behavior (Kaufman et et al., 2014)
• Riskbehavior is determined by many factors on many different levels and they interact
STIs (or STDs) among youth chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis - Why are youth at elevated risk?
• Young women’s bodies more prone to STIs
• More (casual) sex partners
• Not always getting tested (insurance, access)
• Hesitant to talk to medical professionals about sex
• 15-24 year olds account for half of all new STD infections
• Gonorrhoea and syphillis MSM & Chlamdyia helft door women & hetero man
Adolescent pregnancy and abortion
• Compared to other countries, we have a very low rate of adolescent pregnancy rate (currently even lower)
• Most unwanted pregnancies/ abortions happen among adult women (>25), not adolescents, so this does not seem a
‘typical youth risk’
• However, adolescent pregnancy is often seen as problematic
• NL: 7% abortions, 5% births, 2% miscarriages (15-19 jaar)
Abortion laws and practices
Bronfenbrenner = micro (most important for the child) meso exo (friends
of family) macro (traditional beliefs) chrono
• All the layers interact with each other
• Micro is direct en ouders hebben hier directe invloed op jou
• Macro is indirect en ouders hebben beliefs van society en dus
indirect ook weer invloed op jou
Youth become more sexualized?
• In general nowadays more sexualized, you can find it everywhere,
more content online that can be sexualized, TikTok, insta, but
children not always aware of it
• But flowerpower, dolle mina’s, more interested in sexual behavior on
individual level
• Het hangt waarschijnlijk samen; als alles geseksualiseerd wordt,
dan word je sneller preuts bij bloot (of andersom).
Ophef programma, Gewoon Bloot
• Voor: goed om verschillende naakte mensen te zien, beter voor het
zelfbeeld, realistisch, beter dan porno
• Tegen: kinderen worden zomaar geconfronteerd met vreemde
naakte mensen, kind kan slachtoffer zijn geweest van seksueel
geweld, trauma, ouders geen controle op wat kind allemaal kijkt dus kind kan ineens geconfronteerd worden
Artikel Naezer & Van Oosterhout
• One point made in this article: the assumption is often that you
shouldn’t be so stupid to send your own nude picture or
sextape to someone else your own fault. People who say
that, miss the point and forget that sexuality is exploration.
Instead of slutshaming girls whose pictures or tapes are being
distributed, we should focus on the perpetrators (those who
send them to others).
• We should not blame the victim – unfortunately still happens a
lot.
What type of sex-education is needed for preventing the risks of sexting?
focus on the perpetrators in stead of saying that victims shouldn’t sext,
ook positieve delen van sexting benaderen, geen victimblaming
Waarom dickpick? macht, zelfverzekerdheid, ander vindt het leuk,
spanning
If you want to study whether porn use is causally related to sexual aggression, what kind of research design would you need,
and what potential biases would you need to take into account?
• Correlation is not causation, so….
• Longitudinal study for temporal order effects however this does not solve the issue
• Experimental studies are often not possible (ethically)
• Adequate control for confounding (think of selection effects geen randomisatie, niet representatief): very often
variables such as sexual interest/ drive are forgotten
• Niet iedereen geeft eerlijk antwoord
• Vragenlijsten
Based on the lecture and literature, what would you recommend parents who are worried about effects of sexually explicit
material?
• Communication is key (early) veel gesprekken met ouders-kind minimaliseert sexual risk behavior
• Interest is normal, porn is not inherently negative
• Talk about the representation of men/women/sex (most kids understand that reality is different, but…)
Week 4
Lecture 4a. Sexual health: risks and interventions (Jenneke van Ditzhuijzen)
• Cense, M., & Ruard Ganzevoort, R. (2019). The storyscapes of teenage pregnancy. On morality, embodiment, and
narrative agency. Journal of Youth Studies, 22(4), 568-583.
• Zaneva, M., Philpott, A., Singh, A., Larsson, G., & Gonsalves, L. (2022). What is the added value of incorporating
pleasure in sexual health interventions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one, 17(2), e0261034.
Part 1: Sexual health risks – STIs and unintended pregnancy
What is ‘sexual risk behavior’?
• Sexual behavior that puts one at risk for adverse health outcomes
• Adverse health outcomes:
o STI (including HIV)
o Unwanted pregnancy (abortion/ carrying to term)
• The risk level depends on (also condom use etc)
o The outcome (e.g., oral sex is high risk for gonnorrhea, low risk for HIV)
o With whom (e.g., sex workers, casual partners)
, o Number of partners
• The risk is not only individual, but may also have consequences for others and the
environment (e.g., treatment of gonorrhea may lead to resistance to antibiotics in
general population)
IN GENERAL:
Dutch youth is doing relatively ‘well’, if you consider unintended pregnancy and STIs
unwanted outcomes
• Low teenage (unwanted) pregnancy rate
• Low abortion rate
• Low rate of non-users of any contraception
• Low HIV/ STI prevalence
Sexual risk behavior related to STIs
Factors influencing HIV-related behavior (Kaufman et et al., 2014)
• Riskbehavior is determined by many factors on many different levels and they interact
STIs (or STDs) among youth chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis - Why are youth at elevated risk?
• Young women’s bodies more prone to STIs
• More (casual) sex partners
• Not always getting tested (insurance, access)
• Hesitant to talk to medical professionals about sex
• 15-24 year olds account for half of all new STD infections
• Gonorrhoea and syphillis MSM & Chlamdyia helft door women & hetero man
Adolescent pregnancy and abortion
• Compared to other countries, we have a very low rate of adolescent pregnancy rate (currently even lower)
• Most unwanted pregnancies/ abortions happen among adult women (>25), not adolescents, so this does not seem a
‘typical youth risk’
• However, adolescent pregnancy is often seen as problematic
• NL: 7% abortions, 5% births, 2% miscarriages (15-19 jaar)
Abortion laws and practices
