Kwantitatief onderzoek
Professor: Dimitri Beeckman
,Inhoud
Chapter 4: Research problems, research questions and hypotheses .................................................... 11
4.1 Overzicht van onderzoeksproblemen .......................................................................................... 11
4.1.1 Basic terminology.................................................................................................................. 11
4.1.2 Research problems and paradigms ....................................................................................... 11
4.1.3 Sources of research problems (bronnen van onderzoeksproblemen) .................................. 12
4.2 Ontwikkelen en verfijnen van onderzoeksproblemen ..................................................................... 12
4.2.1 Selecting a topic/ kiezen van een onderwerp ........................................................................... 12
4.2.2 Narrowing the topic .................................................................................................................. 13
4.2.3 Evaluating research problems................................................................................................... 13
4.3 Onderzoeksproblemen en onderzoeksvragen opstellen ................................................................. 13
4.3.1 Statements of purpose/verklaring van het doel ....................................................................... 14
4.3.2 Research questions ................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.2.1 Research questions in quantitative studies........................................................................ 14
4.3.2.2 Research questions in qualitative studies .......................................................................... 15
4.3.3 Problem statements/Probleemstelling ..................................................................................... 15
4.4 Research hypotheses/onderzoekshypothese .................................................................................. 15
4.4.1 Function of hypotheses in quantitative research...................................................................... 15
4.4.2. Characteristics of testable hypotheses .................................................................................... 16
4.4.3. The derivation of hypotheses/ De afleiding van hypotheses ................................................... 16
4.4.4. Wording of hypotheses/Formuleren van hypotheses.............................................................. 16
4.4.4.1 Directional versus non-directional hypotheses .................................................................. 16
4.4.4.2. Research versus null hypotheses ...................................................................................... 16
4.4.5 Hypothesis testing and proof .................................................................................................... 16
4.4.6 Kritiek op onderzoeksproblemen, onderzoeksvragen en hypothesen ...................................... 16
Chapter 7: Ethics in nursing research .................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Ethics and research ...................................................................................................................... 18
7.1.1 codes of ethics .......................................................................................................................... 18
7.1.2 Ethische dilemma’s tijdens het uitvoeren van onderzoek ........................................................ 18
7.2. Ethical principles for protecting study participants ........................................................................ 18
7.2.1 Beneficence .............................................................................................................................. 18
7.2.1.1 Iedereen heeft het recht op vrijheid van schade en ongemak .......................................... 18
7.2.1.2.Het recht op bescherming van exploitatie(uitbuiting) ....................................................... 19
7.2.2. Respect for human dignity ....................................................................................................... 19
7.2.2.1 Het recht op zelfdeterminatie (zelfbeslissen) .................................................................... 19
7.2.2.2 the right to full disclosure (volledige openheid) ................................................................ 19
, 7.2.3. Justice/rechtvaardigheid .......................................................................................................... 20
7.2.3.1. Recht op eerlijke behandeling .......................................................................................... 20
7.2.3.2 het recht op privacy ........................................................................................................... 20
7.2.3.2 destributive justice............................................................................................................. 21
7.3 procedures for protecting study participants .................................................................................. 21
7.3.1 Risk/benefit assessments .......................................................................................................... 21
7.3.2 Informed consent en toestemming van de participant ............................................................ 21
7.3.2.1 De inhoud van informed consent....................................................................................... 21
7.3.2.2. Comprehension of informed consent/begrip van het informed consent ......................... 22
7.3.2.3 Documentatie van het informed consent .......................................................................... 22
7.3.2.4 Toestemming tot privé gezondheidsinformatie ................................................................. 22
7.3.3 confidentialiteitsprocedures (vertrouwelijke)........................................................................... 23
7.3.3.1 anonimiteit......................................................................................................................... 23
7.3.3.2 Confidentialiteit in afwezigheid van anonimiteit ............................................................... 23
7.3.3.3 Confidentialiteitscertificaten (us)....................................................................................... 23
7.3.4 debriefings, communications en verwijzingen .......................................................................... 23
7.3.5 Behandeling van kwetsbare groepen ........................................................................................ 23
7.3.6 Externe reviews en de bescherming van mensenrechten .......................................................... 23
7.3.7 Ethiek in het studiedisign .......................................................................................................... 24
7.4 andere ethische problemen ............................................................................................................. 24
7.4.1 Ethische problemen in dieren onderzoek ................................................................................. 24
7.4.2 Onderzoeksfout/research misconduct....................................................................................... 24
Chapter 9: Quantitative Research Design .............................................................................................. 25
9.1 Generieke design problemen ........................................................................................................... 25
9.1.1 Causaliteit (oorzakelijk verband) ............................................................................................... 25
9.1.1.1 Effect: the counterfactual model ....................................................................................... 26
9.1.1.2 Criteria voor causaliteit ...................................................................................................... 26
9.1.1.3. Causaliteit en onderzoeksstrategie ................................................................................... 26
9.2 Experimentele designs ..................................................................................................................... 26
9.2.1 Kenmerken van RCT’s ............................................................................................................... 27
9.2.1.1 Manipulatie: experimentele interventie/behandeling ....................................................... 27
9.2.1.2 Manipulatie: Controlegroep/controle condition ................................................................ 27
9.2.1.3 Randomisatie/random assignment/random allocation ..................................................... 28
9.2.1.4 verblinding/maskering (blinding/masking)......................................................................... 29
9.2.2 Specefieke experimentele onderzoeken ................................................................................... 30
9.2.2.1 Basic experimental designs ................................................................................................ 30
, 9.2.2.2 Factorial designs ................................................................................................................ 33
9.2.2.3 Crossover designs .............................................................................................................. 33
9.2.3 Voor- en nadelen van RCT’s ...................................................................................................... 34
9.2.3.1 Voordelen van RCT’s .......................................................................................................... 34
9.2.3.2 Beperkingen van RCT’s ....................................................................................................... 34
9.3 Quasi-experimentele ....................................................................................................................... 35
9.3.1 quasi-experimental designs ...................................................................................................... 35
9.3.1.1 non-equivalent control group designs ............................................................................... 35
9.3.1.2 Time series designs ............................................................................................................ 36
9.3.1.3 Andere quasi-expirimentele designs .................................................................................. 37
9.3.2 Quasi-experimenteel design en voorwaarden voor vergelijking ............................................... 38
9.3.3 Sterktes en zwaktes binnen het Quasi-experimenteel design .................................................. 38
9.3.3.1 Voordelen .......................................................................................................................... 38
9.3.3.2 Nadelen.............................................................................................................................. 38
9.4 Nonexperimentele/observationele designs ..................................................................................... 39
9.4.1 Correlational casue probing resarch/correlationeel onderzoek ............................................... 39
9.4.1.1 Retrospectieve designs ...................................................................................................... 39
9.4.1.2 Prospective cohortstudie (nonexperimental designs) ....................................................... 40
9.4.1.3 Natuurlijke experimenten .................................................................................................. 41
9.4.1.4 path analyse studie ............................................................................................................ 41
9.4.2 Beschrijvend onderzoek ............................................................................................................ 41
9.4.2.1 Beschrijvend correlationeel onderzoek ............................................................................. 41
9.4.2.2 Univariate descriptive studies ............................................................................................ 41
9.4.3 Sterktes en zwaktes van correlationaal onderzoek ................................................................... 41
9.4.3.1 Beperkingen ....................................................................................................................... 41
9.4.3.2 Sterktes .............................................................................................................................. 41
9.5 Designs en onderzoeksbewijs .......................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 10: nauwkeurigheid en validiteit/ Rigor and validity ................................................................ 43
10.1 Validiteit en gevolgtrekking/inference ........................................................................................... 43
10.1.1 Soorten validiteit..................................................................................................................... 43
10.1.2 Controleren van verstorende participantenkenmerken/confounding participant
characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 44
10.2. Statistical conclusion validity ........................................................................................................ 47
10.2.1 Lage statistische kracht/low statistical power ........................................................................ 47
10.2.2 Te weinig spreiding/variabiliteit bij uitkomstvariabelen/restriction of range ......................... 47
10.2.3 Onbetrouwbare implementatie van een interventie/behandeling ......................................... 48
Professor: Dimitri Beeckman
,Inhoud
Chapter 4: Research problems, research questions and hypotheses .................................................... 11
4.1 Overzicht van onderzoeksproblemen .......................................................................................... 11
4.1.1 Basic terminology.................................................................................................................. 11
4.1.2 Research problems and paradigms ....................................................................................... 11
4.1.3 Sources of research problems (bronnen van onderzoeksproblemen) .................................. 12
4.2 Ontwikkelen en verfijnen van onderzoeksproblemen ..................................................................... 12
4.2.1 Selecting a topic/ kiezen van een onderwerp ........................................................................... 12
4.2.2 Narrowing the topic .................................................................................................................. 13
4.2.3 Evaluating research problems................................................................................................... 13
4.3 Onderzoeksproblemen en onderzoeksvragen opstellen ................................................................. 13
4.3.1 Statements of purpose/verklaring van het doel ....................................................................... 14
4.3.2 Research questions ................................................................................................................... 14
4.3.2.1 Research questions in quantitative studies........................................................................ 14
4.3.2.2 Research questions in qualitative studies .......................................................................... 15
4.3.3 Problem statements/Probleemstelling ..................................................................................... 15
4.4 Research hypotheses/onderzoekshypothese .................................................................................. 15
4.4.1 Function of hypotheses in quantitative research...................................................................... 15
4.4.2. Characteristics of testable hypotheses .................................................................................... 16
4.4.3. The derivation of hypotheses/ De afleiding van hypotheses ................................................... 16
4.4.4. Wording of hypotheses/Formuleren van hypotheses.............................................................. 16
4.4.4.1 Directional versus non-directional hypotheses .................................................................. 16
4.4.4.2. Research versus null hypotheses ...................................................................................... 16
4.4.5 Hypothesis testing and proof .................................................................................................... 16
4.4.6 Kritiek op onderzoeksproblemen, onderzoeksvragen en hypothesen ...................................... 16
Chapter 7: Ethics in nursing research .................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Ethics and research ...................................................................................................................... 18
7.1.1 codes of ethics .......................................................................................................................... 18
7.1.2 Ethische dilemma’s tijdens het uitvoeren van onderzoek ........................................................ 18
7.2. Ethical principles for protecting study participants ........................................................................ 18
7.2.1 Beneficence .............................................................................................................................. 18
7.2.1.1 Iedereen heeft het recht op vrijheid van schade en ongemak .......................................... 18
7.2.1.2.Het recht op bescherming van exploitatie(uitbuiting) ....................................................... 19
7.2.2. Respect for human dignity ....................................................................................................... 19
7.2.2.1 Het recht op zelfdeterminatie (zelfbeslissen) .................................................................... 19
7.2.2.2 the right to full disclosure (volledige openheid) ................................................................ 19
, 7.2.3. Justice/rechtvaardigheid .......................................................................................................... 20
7.2.3.1. Recht op eerlijke behandeling .......................................................................................... 20
7.2.3.2 het recht op privacy ........................................................................................................... 20
7.2.3.2 destributive justice............................................................................................................. 21
7.3 procedures for protecting study participants .................................................................................. 21
7.3.1 Risk/benefit assessments .......................................................................................................... 21
7.3.2 Informed consent en toestemming van de participant ............................................................ 21
7.3.2.1 De inhoud van informed consent....................................................................................... 21
7.3.2.2. Comprehension of informed consent/begrip van het informed consent ......................... 22
7.3.2.3 Documentatie van het informed consent .......................................................................... 22
7.3.2.4 Toestemming tot privé gezondheidsinformatie ................................................................. 22
7.3.3 confidentialiteitsprocedures (vertrouwelijke)........................................................................... 23
7.3.3.1 anonimiteit......................................................................................................................... 23
7.3.3.2 Confidentialiteit in afwezigheid van anonimiteit ............................................................... 23
7.3.3.3 Confidentialiteitscertificaten (us)....................................................................................... 23
7.3.4 debriefings, communications en verwijzingen .......................................................................... 23
7.3.5 Behandeling van kwetsbare groepen ........................................................................................ 23
7.3.6 Externe reviews en de bescherming van mensenrechten .......................................................... 23
7.3.7 Ethiek in het studiedisign .......................................................................................................... 24
7.4 andere ethische problemen ............................................................................................................. 24
7.4.1 Ethische problemen in dieren onderzoek ................................................................................. 24
7.4.2 Onderzoeksfout/research misconduct....................................................................................... 24
Chapter 9: Quantitative Research Design .............................................................................................. 25
9.1 Generieke design problemen ........................................................................................................... 25
9.1.1 Causaliteit (oorzakelijk verband) ............................................................................................... 25
9.1.1.1 Effect: the counterfactual model ....................................................................................... 26
9.1.1.2 Criteria voor causaliteit ...................................................................................................... 26
9.1.1.3. Causaliteit en onderzoeksstrategie ................................................................................... 26
9.2 Experimentele designs ..................................................................................................................... 26
9.2.1 Kenmerken van RCT’s ............................................................................................................... 27
9.2.1.1 Manipulatie: experimentele interventie/behandeling ....................................................... 27
9.2.1.2 Manipulatie: Controlegroep/controle condition ................................................................ 27
9.2.1.3 Randomisatie/random assignment/random allocation ..................................................... 28
9.2.1.4 verblinding/maskering (blinding/masking)......................................................................... 29
9.2.2 Specefieke experimentele onderzoeken ................................................................................... 30
9.2.2.1 Basic experimental designs ................................................................................................ 30
, 9.2.2.2 Factorial designs ................................................................................................................ 33
9.2.2.3 Crossover designs .............................................................................................................. 33
9.2.3 Voor- en nadelen van RCT’s ...................................................................................................... 34
9.2.3.1 Voordelen van RCT’s .......................................................................................................... 34
9.2.3.2 Beperkingen van RCT’s ....................................................................................................... 34
9.3 Quasi-experimentele ....................................................................................................................... 35
9.3.1 quasi-experimental designs ...................................................................................................... 35
9.3.1.1 non-equivalent control group designs ............................................................................... 35
9.3.1.2 Time series designs ............................................................................................................ 36
9.3.1.3 Andere quasi-expirimentele designs .................................................................................. 37
9.3.2 Quasi-experimenteel design en voorwaarden voor vergelijking ............................................... 38
9.3.3 Sterktes en zwaktes binnen het Quasi-experimenteel design .................................................. 38
9.3.3.1 Voordelen .......................................................................................................................... 38
9.3.3.2 Nadelen.............................................................................................................................. 38
9.4 Nonexperimentele/observationele designs ..................................................................................... 39
9.4.1 Correlational casue probing resarch/correlationeel onderzoek ............................................... 39
9.4.1.1 Retrospectieve designs ...................................................................................................... 39
9.4.1.2 Prospective cohortstudie (nonexperimental designs) ....................................................... 40
9.4.1.3 Natuurlijke experimenten .................................................................................................. 41
9.4.1.4 path analyse studie ............................................................................................................ 41
9.4.2 Beschrijvend onderzoek ............................................................................................................ 41
9.4.2.1 Beschrijvend correlationeel onderzoek ............................................................................. 41
9.4.2.2 Univariate descriptive studies ............................................................................................ 41
9.4.3 Sterktes en zwaktes van correlationaal onderzoek ................................................................... 41
9.4.3.1 Beperkingen ....................................................................................................................... 41
9.4.3.2 Sterktes .............................................................................................................................. 41
9.5 Designs en onderzoeksbewijs .......................................................................................................... 42
Chapter 10: nauwkeurigheid en validiteit/ Rigor and validity ................................................................ 43
10.1 Validiteit en gevolgtrekking/inference ........................................................................................... 43
10.1.1 Soorten validiteit..................................................................................................................... 43
10.1.2 Controleren van verstorende participantenkenmerken/confounding participant
characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 44
10.2. Statistical conclusion validity ........................................................................................................ 47
10.2.1 Lage statistische kracht/low statistical power ........................................................................ 47
10.2.2 Te weinig spreiding/variabiliteit bij uitkomstvariabelen/restriction of range ......................... 47
10.2.3 Onbetrouwbare implementatie van een interventie/behandeling ......................................... 48
