CHAPTER 1
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS,
THEIR CAUSES, AND SUSTAINABILITY
Chapter Outline
1-1 What are three principles of sustainability?
A. Environmental science is a study of connections in nature.
1. Environment includes all living and nonliving things with which an organism
interacts.
2. Environmental science studies how the earth works, our interaction with the earth,
and ways to deal with environment problems and live more sustainably.
3. Ecology studies relationships between living organisms, and their interaction with
the environment.
4. Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting life support systems
for all species.
B. Nature’s survival strategies follow three principles of sustainability.
1. Life depends on solar energy.
2. Biodiversity provides natural services.
3. Chemical/nutrient cycling means that there is little waste in nature.
C. Sustainability has certain key components.
1. Life depends on natural capital, natural resources and natural services.
2. Many human activities can degrade natural capital.
3. Solutions are being found and implemented.
4. Sustainability begins at personal and local levels.
D. Some resources are renewable and some are not.
, 1. Humans depend upon resources to meet our needs.
2. A perpetual resource is continuously renewed and expected to last (e.g. solar
energy).
3. A renewable resource is replenished in days to several hundred years through
natural processes (forests, grasslands, fish populations, freshwater, fresh air, and
fertile soil).
4. Sustainable yield is the highest rate at which a renewable and non-renewable
resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.
5. Some resources are not renewable.
A. Nonrenewable resources exist in fixed quantities.
a. Exhaustible energy (coal and oil).
b. Metallic minerals (copper and aluminum).
c. Nonmetallic minerals (salt and sand).
6. Sustainable solutions: Reduce, reuse, recycle.
E. Rich and poor countries have different environmental impacts.
1. Developed countries include the high income ones, such as the U.S. and Canada.
2. Developing countries include the low income ones, such as China and India.
1-2 How are our ecological footprints affecting the earth?
A. We are living unsustainably.
1. Environmental, or natural capital, degradation is occurring.
2. We have solutions to these problems that can be implemented.
B. Pollution comes from a number of sources.
1. Point sources are single, identifiable sources (e.g., smokestack).
2. Nonpoint sources are dispersed and often difficult to identify (e.g., lawn runoff).
3. We can clean up pollution or prevent it.
4. Pollution cleanup is usually more expensive and less effective.
5. Pollution prevention reduces or eliminates the production of pollutants.
C. The tragedy of the commons: overexploiting shared renewable resources.
, 1. In 1968, the biologist Garrett Hardin called the degradation of openly shared
resources the tragedy of the commons.
2. Reducing degradation.
a. Reduce use by government regulations.
b.Shift to private ownership.
D. Ecological footprints: our environmental impacts.
1. Ecological footprint is the amount of biologically productive land and water needed
to supply a person or country with renewable resources and to recycle the waste
and pollution produced by such resource use.
2. Per capita ecological footprint is the average ecological footprint of an individual in
a given country or area.
3. Ecological deficit means the ecological footprint is larger than the biological capacity
to replenish resources and absorb wastes and pollution.
4. Humanity is living unsustainably.
5. Footprints can also be expressed as number of Earths it would take to support
consumption.
6. Case study: A vision of a more sustainable world in 2060.
E. IPAT is another environmental impact model
1. In the early 1970s, scientists Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren developed the IPAT
model.
2. I (environmental impact) = P (population size) x A (affluence/person) x T
(technology’s beneficial and harmful effects).
F. Case Study: China’s new affluent consumers.
1-3 Why do we have environmental problems?
A. Experts have identified four basic causes of environmental problems:
1. Population growth.
2. Unsustainable resource use.
3. Poverty.
4. Excluding environmental costs from market prices.
, B. The human population is growing exponentially at a rapid rate.
1. Human population is increasing at a fixed percentage so that we are experiencing
doubling of larger and larger populations.
2. Human population in 2009 was about 6.8 billion.
3. Based on the current increase rate there will be 9.6 billion people by 2050.
4. We can slow population growth; see Core Case Study.
C. Affluence has harmful and beneficial environmental effects.
1. Wealth results in high levels of consumption and waste of resources.
2. Average American consumes 30 times as much as the average consumer in India.
3. “Shop-until-you-drop” affluent consumers are afflicted with a disorder called
affluenza.
4. Affluence has provided better education, scientific research, and technological
solutions, which result in improvements in environmental quality (e.g., safe drinking
water).
D. Poverty has harmful environmental and health effects.
1. Poverty occurs when the basic needs for adequate food, water, shelter, health, and
education are not met.
2. One in every five people live in extreme poverty (<$1.25/day), and more are
susceptible.
3. Poverty causes harmful environmental and health effects.
a. Environmental degradation caused by need for short-term survival.
b.Malnutrition.
c. Inadequate sanitation and lack of clean drinking water.
d.Severe respiratory disease (inadequate ventilation of heat sources).
e. High rates of premature death for children under the age of 5 years.
E. Prices of goods and services due not include harmful environmental and health costs.
1. A company’s goal is often to maximize the profit.
2. Often consumers do not know the damage caused by their consumption.
3. Government subsidies may increase environmental degradation.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS,
THEIR CAUSES, AND SUSTAINABILITY
Chapter Outline
1-1 What are three principles of sustainability?
A. Environmental science is a study of connections in nature.
1. Environment includes all living and nonliving things with which an organism
interacts.
2. Environmental science studies how the earth works, our interaction with the earth,
and ways to deal with environment problems and live more sustainably.
3. Ecology studies relationships between living organisms, and their interaction with
the environment.
4. Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting life support systems
for all species.
B. Nature’s survival strategies follow three principles of sustainability.
1. Life depends on solar energy.
2. Biodiversity provides natural services.
3. Chemical/nutrient cycling means that there is little waste in nature.
C. Sustainability has certain key components.
1. Life depends on natural capital, natural resources and natural services.
2. Many human activities can degrade natural capital.
3. Solutions are being found and implemented.
4. Sustainability begins at personal and local levels.
D. Some resources are renewable and some are not.
, 1. Humans depend upon resources to meet our needs.
2. A perpetual resource is continuously renewed and expected to last (e.g. solar
energy).
3. A renewable resource is replenished in days to several hundred years through
natural processes (forests, grasslands, fish populations, freshwater, fresh air, and
fertile soil).
4. Sustainable yield is the highest rate at which a renewable and non-renewable
resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.
5. Some resources are not renewable.
A. Nonrenewable resources exist in fixed quantities.
a. Exhaustible energy (coal and oil).
b. Metallic minerals (copper and aluminum).
c. Nonmetallic minerals (salt and sand).
6. Sustainable solutions: Reduce, reuse, recycle.
E. Rich and poor countries have different environmental impacts.
1. Developed countries include the high income ones, such as the U.S. and Canada.
2. Developing countries include the low income ones, such as China and India.
1-2 How are our ecological footprints affecting the earth?
A. We are living unsustainably.
1. Environmental, or natural capital, degradation is occurring.
2. We have solutions to these problems that can be implemented.
B. Pollution comes from a number of sources.
1. Point sources are single, identifiable sources (e.g., smokestack).
2. Nonpoint sources are dispersed and often difficult to identify (e.g., lawn runoff).
3. We can clean up pollution or prevent it.
4. Pollution cleanup is usually more expensive and less effective.
5. Pollution prevention reduces or eliminates the production of pollutants.
C. The tragedy of the commons: overexploiting shared renewable resources.
, 1. In 1968, the biologist Garrett Hardin called the degradation of openly shared
resources the tragedy of the commons.
2. Reducing degradation.
a. Reduce use by government regulations.
b.Shift to private ownership.
D. Ecological footprints: our environmental impacts.
1. Ecological footprint is the amount of biologically productive land and water needed
to supply a person or country with renewable resources and to recycle the waste
and pollution produced by such resource use.
2. Per capita ecological footprint is the average ecological footprint of an individual in
a given country or area.
3. Ecological deficit means the ecological footprint is larger than the biological capacity
to replenish resources and absorb wastes and pollution.
4. Humanity is living unsustainably.
5. Footprints can also be expressed as number of Earths it would take to support
consumption.
6. Case study: A vision of a more sustainable world in 2060.
E. IPAT is another environmental impact model
1. In the early 1970s, scientists Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren developed the IPAT
model.
2. I (environmental impact) = P (population size) x A (affluence/person) x T
(technology’s beneficial and harmful effects).
F. Case Study: China’s new affluent consumers.
1-3 Why do we have environmental problems?
A. Experts have identified four basic causes of environmental problems:
1. Population growth.
2. Unsustainable resource use.
3. Poverty.
4. Excluding environmental costs from market prices.
, B. The human population is growing exponentially at a rapid rate.
1. Human population is increasing at a fixed percentage so that we are experiencing
doubling of larger and larger populations.
2. Human population in 2009 was about 6.8 billion.
3. Based on the current increase rate there will be 9.6 billion people by 2050.
4. We can slow population growth; see Core Case Study.
C. Affluence has harmful and beneficial environmental effects.
1. Wealth results in high levels of consumption and waste of resources.
2. Average American consumes 30 times as much as the average consumer in India.
3. “Shop-until-you-drop” affluent consumers are afflicted with a disorder called
affluenza.
4. Affluence has provided better education, scientific research, and technological
solutions, which result in improvements in environmental quality (e.g., safe drinking
water).
D. Poverty has harmful environmental and health effects.
1. Poverty occurs when the basic needs for adequate food, water, shelter, health, and
education are not met.
2. One in every five people live in extreme poverty (<$1.25/day), and more are
susceptible.
3. Poverty causes harmful environmental and health effects.
a. Environmental degradation caused by need for short-term survival.
b.Malnutrition.
c. Inadequate sanitation and lack of clean drinking water.
d.Severe respiratory disease (inadequate ventilation of heat sources).
e. High rates of premature death for children under the age of 5 years.
E. Prices of goods and services due not include harmful environmental and health costs.
1. A company’s goal is often to maximize the profit.
2. Often consumers do not know the damage caused by their consumption.
3. Government subsidies may increase environmental degradation.
