WGU Biochemistry Final Review Latest

WGU Biochemistry Final Review Latest-1. The polymerase chain reaction is a tool used to study protein structure. True False - False Feedback PCR is a tool used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. What color is the primer in the following diagram? Red Purple Blue - Red Feedback Recall from the section on DNA replication that DNA polymerase needs a primer to begin DNA synthesis. This requirement means the primers will direct the DNA polymerase to only synthesize complementary strands of the target DNA. (Note: In DNA replication, the primers are RNA primers, while PCR generally uses DNA primers because they are more stable.) dNTPs are DNA nucleotides used in PCR. True False - True Feedback dNTPs stands for deoxynucleotide triphosphates, which are the nucleotides used in DNA synthesis. A thermocycler is a machine used for PCR that varies the temperature of a sample. True False - True Feedback For PCR, in each cycle, the two strands of the duplex DNA are separated by heating, then the reaction mixture is cooled to allow the primers to anneal (or pair) to their complementary segments on the DNA. Next, the DNA polymerase directs the synthesis of the complementary strands. The use of a heat-stable DNA polymerase eliminates the need to add fresh enzyme after each round of heating (heat inactivates most enzymes). Hence, in the presence of sufficient quantities of primers and dNTPs, PCR is carried out simply by cycling through the different temperatures for strand separation, primer annealing, and DNA synthesis. The thermocycler is the machine that is used to vary the temperature of the samples. DNA polymerase is used in DNA replication and in PCR. True False - True Feedback Both PCR and DNA replication require DNA polymerase to make new copies of DNA. Which of the following changes can NOT be detected using PCR? Differences in DNA sequence Epigenetic changes Deletions Insertions - Epigenetic changes Feedback Epigenetic changes do not affect the sequence of the DNA. PCR is used to look at the DNA sequence. Which of the following components is NOT used in PCR? DNA template DNA nucleotides RNA polymerase Primers - RNA polymerase Feedback PCR makes a DNA copy, so DNA polymerase is used. Assuming there is one copy of the target DNA sequence before PCR, how many copies of DNA are there after 5 PCR cycles? 256 6 65,536 16 32 - 32 Feedback Each cycles double the numbers of DNA copy. Round 1: 1->2. Round 2: 2 ->4. Round 3: 4 -> 8. Round 4: 8 ->16. Round 5: 16 ->32. DNA polymerase can synthesize new DNA strands in which direction? 3' to 5' 5' to 3' any direction N-terminus to C-terminus - 5' to 3' Feedback DNA needs a free 3' end to bind to and initiate synthesis of a DNA. It synthesizes in a 5' to 3' direction. The following are steps involved in a polymerase chain reaction. Which is the correct order: Elongation, denaturation, and annealing Denaturation, annealing, and elongation Annealing, elongation, and denaturation Elongation, annealing, and denaturation - Denaturation, annealing, and elongation Feedback PCR uses repeated cycles of temperature to amplify particular DNA segments. In the first step, the reaction mixture is heated to separate the DNA strands (denaturation). The reaction is then cooled to allow the DNA primers, which define the sequence to be amplified, to anneal (base pair) with the template DNA. In the third step, DNA polymerase extends the DNA primers to create a copy of the target DNA sequence. Heating the reaction to stop polymerization and separate the DNA strands starts the cycle over again Sickle Cell Anemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Choose the set of chromosomes of a person that has inherited the disease. Green boxes represent normal alleles and yellow boxes represent mutant alleles. Captionless Image A. Chromosome 12 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red) B. Chromosome X (Blue) vs. Chromosome Y (Red, Short) C. Chromosome 11 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red w/green stripe) D. Chromosome 11 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red w/yellow stripe) - D. Chromosome 11 (Blue) vs. Chromosome 11 (Red w/yellow stripe) Feedback This question depicts chromosomes and asks which pair represents an Autosomal Recessive inheritance pattern. Each of the chromosomes are pictured carrying an allele from each parent, which is depicted by a yellow or green box. The green box represents a normal or dominant allele, while the yellow box represents a mutant or recessive allele. An Autosomal trait will be carried on a numbered chromosome and both chromosomes should have the same number. An X-linked trait will be carried on an X-chromosome. This allows us to rule out answer choices A and B. To inherit a recessive trait, we need to inherit two recessive (or mutant alleles), which would be shown as two yellow boxes. A dominant trait can be inherited when one or two dominant alleles are present. Answer choice C depicts an Autosomal Dominant inheritance, while answer choice D is the correct answer because it depicts an Autosomal Recessive inheritance pattern. Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive condition. This means that: 1. A person with at least one normal X chromosome without the hemophilia gene will not show signs of hemophilia 2. The disease is more common in females 3. Affected men can pass the condition on to sons but not to daughters 4. Women can only pass the condition on to daughters - 1. A person with at least one normal X chromosome without the hemophilia gene will not show signs of hemophilia Feedback An X-linked recessive condition is inherited when a female has a recessive allele on each of her X chromosomes. Males inherit an X-linked recessive condition if they inherit a recessive allele on their one and only X chromosome. Therefore if a female has a dominant (or normal) allele on one of her X chromosomes, she will not have the disease. Because men only have one X-chromosome, they tend to inherit X-linked conditions more easily than females. Men with X-linked recessive conditions do not pass the disease on to their sons, because they pass a Y chromosome on to their sons. Men will pass an X chromosome to their daughters. Women are able to pass an X chromosome on to their son or their daughters. A woman is homozygous for an abnormal allele on Chromosome 2 that codes for an autosomal dominant disease. This means that she: Will have the disease Will not have the disease Has one normal gene and one abnormal gene Can pass on two genes to any daughters and one gene to any son - Will have the disease Feedback Homozygous means that the woman will have two copies of the abnormal allele. An abnormal allele is the allele that can lead to disease. Since the disease is dominant, then the abnormal allele is dominant in this case. With two copies of a dominant allele, an individual will inherit a dominant disease. Mutations in the FANCA gene (located on chromosome 16) can lead to Fanconi Anemia. A healthy individual inherited one mutant and one normal allele of the FANCA gene. Which of the following describes the inheritance pattern of Fanconi Anemia? Autosomal Dominant Autosomal Recessive X-linked Dominant X-linked Recessive - Autosomal Recessive Feedback Chromosome 16 is an autosome because it is a numbered chromosome. For a healthy individual to have a mutant allele, the mutant allele must be recessive. A black female mouse mates with a white male mouse and produces a litter of all gray mice. Which inheritance pattern can be used to describe this situation? Complete Dominance Recessive Incomplete Dominance Codominance - Incomplete Dominance Feedback Incomplete dominance produces a blended phenotype.