Written
by
Mekkie
Kay
TOPIC 4:ORGANISMS EXCHANGE
SUBSTANCES WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT
A booklet that contains content in the form of questions from real exam papers!
1
,Contents (you can use this as a checklist)
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
□ Monomers and polymers
□ Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
1.2 CARBOHYDRATES
□ Monosaccharides and disaccharides
□ Isomers of glucose
□ Polysaccharides
□ Biochemical tests
1.3 LIPIDS
□ Triglycerides
□ Phospholipids
□ Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids
□ Emulsion test for lipids
1.4.1 PROTEINS: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS
□ Amino acids, dipeptides and polypeptides
□ Structural levels of proteins and the role of bonds
□ Biuret test for proteins
1.4.2 PROTEINS: MANY PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES
□ Introduction to enzymes
Factors affecting rate of enzyme-controlled reactions .
1.5.1 NUCLEIC ACIDS: STRUCTURE OF DNA & RNA
□ Function of DNA & RNA
□ Structure of DNA & RNA nucleotides and polymers.
1.5.2 NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA REPLICATION .
□ Process of DNA replication
□ Evidence for semi-conservative replication (Meselson and Stahl)
1.6 ATP
□ The structure of adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) ATP/ADP hydrolysis and condensation
□ The properties of ATP make it a suitable immediate source of energy
1.7 WATER
2
, □ How hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules
□ Properties of water that are important in biology
1.8 INORGANIC IONS
DNA IS STORED DIFFERENTLY IN EUKARYOTES VS. PROKARYOTES
- Eukaryotic DNA: Long, linear, associated with proteins called histones, tightly coiled into chromosomes
(DNA molecule + its associated proteins)
- Prokaryotic DNA: Short, circular, not associated with proteins/histones
Mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells have their own
DNA
- Similar to prokaryotic DNA – short, circular, not associated with proteins/histones
GENES
- Sequence of DNA bases that codes for:
- The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
- A functional RNA e.g. ribosomal RNA and tRNAs
- A gene occupies a fixed position, called a locus, on a particular DNA molecules
THE NATURE OF THE GENETIC CODE
- Sequence of DNA triplets (or mRNA codons) codes for sequence of amino acids
- DNA triplet: sequence of 3 bases coding for specific amino acid
- e.g. UAU codes for tyrosine - Universal
3
by
Mekkie
Kay
TOPIC 4:ORGANISMS EXCHANGE
SUBSTANCES WITH THEIR ENVIRONMENT
A booklet that contains content in the form of questions from real exam papers!
1
,Contents (you can use this as a checklist)
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
□ Monomers and polymers
□ Condensation and hydrolysis reactions
1.2 CARBOHYDRATES
□ Monosaccharides and disaccharides
□ Isomers of glucose
□ Polysaccharides
□ Biochemical tests
1.3 LIPIDS
□ Triglycerides
□ Phospholipids
□ Saturated & unsaturated fatty acids
□ Emulsion test for lipids
1.4.1 PROTEINS: GENERAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS
□ Amino acids, dipeptides and polypeptides
□ Structural levels of proteins and the role of bonds
□ Biuret test for proteins
1.4.2 PROTEINS: MANY PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES
□ Introduction to enzymes
Factors affecting rate of enzyme-controlled reactions .
1.5.1 NUCLEIC ACIDS: STRUCTURE OF DNA & RNA
□ Function of DNA & RNA
□ Structure of DNA & RNA nucleotides and polymers.
1.5.2 NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA REPLICATION .
□ Process of DNA replication
□ Evidence for semi-conservative replication (Meselson and Stahl)
1.6 ATP
□ The structure of adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) ATP/ADP hydrolysis and condensation
□ The properties of ATP make it a suitable immediate source of energy
1.7 WATER
2
, □ How hydrogen bonding occurs between water molecules
□ Properties of water that are important in biology
1.8 INORGANIC IONS
DNA IS STORED DIFFERENTLY IN EUKARYOTES VS. PROKARYOTES
- Eukaryotic DNA: Long, linear, associated with proteins called histones, tightly coiled into chromosomes
(DNA molecule + its associated proteins)
- Prokaryotic DNA: Short, circular, not associated with proteins/histones
Mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells have their own
DNA
- Similar to prokaryotic DNA – short, circular, not associated with proteins/histones
GENES
- Sequence of DNA bases that codes for:
- The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
- A functional RNA e.g. ribosomal RNA and tRNAs
- A gene occupies a fixed position, called a locus, on a particular DNA molecules
THE NATURE OF THE GENETIC CODE
- Sequence of DNA triplets (or mRNA codons) codes for sequence of amino acids
- DNA triplet: sequence of 3 bases coding for specific amino acid
- e.g. UAU codes for tyrosine - Universal
3
