organic molecules molecules carbon atoms
containing
-
-
>
study of compounds which
mainly contain carbon and hydrogen
Unique chemistry of carbon
> can form 4 covalent bonds in excited state
>
undergoes hybridization (Corben having valency of 4)
>
carbon atoms bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains ( catenation )
/ tribe bonds
single / double
>
Important features of carbon
1. Carbon can exist as different allotropes (different crystalline structures of the same element)
different arrangements leads to substances having different properties
-
2. Carbon will form 4 bonds in
organic chemistry
3. The process of hybridization :
Ground state addition of a small
> Excited state
Zp of Zp
amount
energy
25 25
IS IS
H
H C H
1. Representation
a) Structural formulae : all the bonds and atoms
H
b) Semi structural formulae
-
: all the bonds CH ,
-
CH z CHZ CH }
c) Condensed structural formulae double It ripple bonds CH} CH CHCH }
only
:
d) Shortened condensed structural formulae double It ripple bonds (
only repeating components
:
of the compound are shown in brackets ) ( Hs kHz )zCH}
e) Molecular formulae : number and types of atoms Catto
, hydrocarbon -
compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
functional group -
an atom / group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity
in the molecule
2. Classification ( homologous series )
>
a series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and
have the same general formula ,
in which each member differs from the
previous one by a
single CHZ Unit
§ !,§§^§e§ }
halo alkanes
-
hydrocarbons alcohols
'
, -
carboxylic acid
•
esters
Alkanes (non-polar )
>
Swat hydrocarbons (single bonds between carbon atoms)
>
weak intermolecular forces
'
methane / ethane / / butane are at temperature
propane gasses room
pentane / hexane / heptane / octane / nonane / decane
-
are
liquids at room temperature
+12 carbons
-
are solids at room temperature
>
general formula
:
Cn Hantz functional group : saturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Unsaturated ( double bond ) H H
hydrocarbons
>
(important Comercial organic chemical and polythene ) H C C H
:
> ethene makes
simplest alkene
>
general formula
:
Cn Hzn
Hzc CH CH z CH }
But 1- ene
carbon carbon bond
functional group double
-
: -
Alkynes
Unsaturated ( triple bond )
hydrocarbons
>
C C H
>
ethyne (simplest alkyne ) H
>
general formula
:
Cn Hzn -2
HC C CH , CH }
But -
l -
yne
containing
-
-
>
study of compounds which
mainly contain carbon and hydrogen
Unique chemistry of carbon
> can form 4 covalent bonds in excited state
>
undergoes hybridization (Corben having valency of 4)
>
carbon atoms bond with other carbon atoms to form long chains ( catenation )
/ tribe bonds
single / double
>
Important features of carbon
1. Carbon can exist as different allotropes (different crystalline structures of the same element)
different arrangements leads to substances having different properties
-
2. Carbon will form 4 bonds in
organic chemistry
3. The process of hybridization :
Ground state addition of a small
> Excited state
Zp of Zp
amount
energy
25 25
IS IS
H
H C H
1. Representation
a) Structural formulae : all the bonds and atoms
H
b) Semi structural formulae
-
: all the bonds CH ,
-
CH z CHZ CH }
c) Condensed structural formulae double It ripple bonds CH} CH CHCH }
only
:
d) Shortened condensed structural formulae double It ripple bonds (
only repeating components
:
of the compound are shown in brackets ) ( Hs kHz )zCH}
e) Molecular formulae : number and types of atoms Catto
, hydrocarbon -
compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
functional group -
an atom / group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity
in the molecule
2. Classification ( homologous series )
>
a series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and
have the same general formula ,
in which each member differs from the
previous one by a
single CHZ Unit
§ !,§§^§e§ }
halo alkanes
-
hydrocarbons alcohols
'
, -
carboxylic acid
•
esters
Alkanes (non-polar )
>
Swat hydrocarbons (single bonds between carbon atoms)
>
weak intermolecular forces
'
methane / ethane / / butane are at temperature
propane gasses room
pentane / hexane / heptane / octane / nonane / decane
-
are
liquids at room temperature
+12 carbons
-
are solids at room temperature
>
general formula
:
Cn Hantz functional group : saturated hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Unsaturated ( double bond ) H H
hydrocarbons
>
(important Comercial organic chemical and polythene ) H C C H
:
> ethene makes
simplest alkene
>
general formula
:
Cn Hzn
Hzc CH CH z CH }
But 1- ene
carbon carbon bond
functional group double
-
: -
Alkynes
Unsaturated ( triple bond )
hydrocarbons
>
C C H
>
ethyne (simplest alkyne ) H
>
general formula
:
Cn Hzn -2
HC C CH , CH }
But -
l -
yne
