10.2 Writing Frame –
Introduction
Explain the process of Glycolysis, including where, how and why it happens:
Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of cells and this process converts glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate. It happens by a catalysed enzyme which converts the glucose
molecule into two molecules of pyruvate. Glucose is a 6-carbon compound and pyruvate is a
3 carbon compound. This doesn’t require any oxygen so this reaction can occur during
anaerobic reaction.
These are stages which is the process of glycolysis:
There is a sequence of reaction which is catalysed by a different enzyme. Glycolysis form
and produce two adenosine triphosphate molecules. The first stage of glycolysis is called
phosphorylation which makes and produces an enzyme called ATP. Phosphorylation is a
production of ATP which is made from ADP and phosphate.
The second part is that the ATP molecule which has just been made is broken down through
a reaction called hydrolysis and this reaction causes a phosphate molecule to be released.
The phosphate group which has been released join to a 6-carbon molecule which produces
fructose 6 phosphate. An enzyme called hexokinase speeds up the reaction. The glucose 6
phosphate convert itself into fructose 6 phosphate. An enzyme called glucose phosphate
isomerase catalyses this reaction. An ATP molecule is broken down by a reaction called
hydrolysis and the phosphate group which was released right at the beginning joins to the
first carbon of the fructose 6 phosphate and the phosphate group joining it causes it to
become fructose 1,6 biphosphate. the enzyme which speeds up and catalyses the reaction is
called phosphofructokinase.
The second stage is breaking up the fructose 1,6 biphosphate which was formed to allow
ATP to be made from the products. The fructose 1,6 biphosphate is broken into two
molecules. The enzyme which catalyses the breaking of this is called fructose diphosphate
aldolase. Two molecules called glyceraldhyse-3-phosphate is formed by an enzyme called
triose phosphate isomerase. The important of braking down of fructose 1.6 biphosphate is
that it forms the molecule above. The third stage of glycolysis is a process called oxidation
which means the loss of electrons the molecule that was formed above glyceraldhyde-3-
phosphate the process of oxidation causes It to lose electrons. Two molecules of
glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate loses two hydrogen atoms because it has to produce 1,3
biphosphate glycerate. To produce this molecule to enzymes are needed glyceraldehyde
phosphate dehydrogenase and coenzyme is needed for it to work and two molecules called
NAD is needed and their job is to accept electrons. For this reaction they take hydrogen
atoms which causes two molecules to become reduced and called NADH. At the end of the
oxidation process their function was to produce two molecules of NADH and two molecule
of NAD and two molecules called 1,3 biphosphate glycerate and this is produced to form a
molecule called pyruvate. The last stage of glycolysis is the molecule called 1,3 biphosphate
converting itself into a molecule called pyruvate. This causes two molecules of ATP in each
, 1,3 biphosphate glycerate molecule. Converting the 1,3 biphosphate produce four
molecules of ATP and two molecules of pyruvate.
Explain the Citric Acid Cycle, including where, how and why it happens:
The first step of the citric acid cycle acetyl CoA it joins with a four-carbon molecule and this
forms a six-carbon molecule called citrate. The six-carbon molecule gives out and releases
two of the carbon molecule and this also produces an NADH molecule.
The citrate is converted to an isomer the first part is the removal of water and then adding
the water molecule again. The third step is that the isocitrate give off a carbon molecule and
this means there is now five carbons left. NAD+ loses electrons to form NADH. The enzyme
which is used to catalyse the reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase. The citric acid cycle
occurs in the mitochondria in an area called the matrix. The acid called acetate is formed
from acetyl co enzyme a which is from the link reaction which reacts with the oxaloacetic
acid to produce citric acid which is a carbon 6 compound. The carbon dioxide and two
hydrogen atoms are removed from the citric acid. Hydrogen and NADH is formed and a
carbon 5 compound. Another 4-carbon compound is made because of the citric acid
removing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide atoms. NADH and hydrogen is made producing
the first 4 carbon compound and this makes another four-carbon compound and a molecule
of ADP which is phosphorylated, and this will produce one molecule of ATP. the 4-carbon
compound which is made the second time makes another 4-carbon compound and the
hydrogen will be removed. The co enzyme which catalyses the reaction is different and is
called FAD which allows the hydrogen atom to be reduced.
The reason why the citric acid cycle occurs because during the process there are electrons
which give energy and fuel process for the next process of oxidative phosphorylation
Explain Oxidative Phosphorylation, including where, how and why it happens:
The electron transport chain which is a chain of proteins and molecules that are found in the
membrane of the mitochondria. The electrons are transported down the chain through a
reaction called redox reaction. The energy that is given off is called a proton and this is used
to create ATP and this process is called chemiosmosis. The way It happens is that the
electron transport and the process called chemiosmosis make up the process called
Oxidative phosphorylation which is the last stage of respiration. The mitochondria has two
membrane. The inner membrane consists of four protein parts and are vital for the last
stage of respiration happens. A large portion of ATP is produced from the hydrogen atoms
which is given off or released of the reduced NAD which were made from the stages before
this stage. The NADH molecule which was reduced join to one of the protein parts the first
part which is called 1 and they attach to each other and they give of the hydrogen atom as
stated above but they give it off as proton and electron in the central place of the
mitochondria called the matrix. The reduced NAD. Which lost the hydrogen atom has to be
converted back to a molecule called NADHR and this is useful and important especially in
glycolysis. The molecule called FAD which is made in the citric acid cycle attach itself to the ii
part of the protein and they also have hydrogen atoms which are given off as protons and
electrons in the matrix. The hydrogen ions must stay in the matrix because the electron
have to move pass the protein complexes. This process is known as the electron transport
Introduction
Explain the process of Glycolysis, including where, how and why it happens:
Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm of cells and this process converts glucose into two
molecules of pyruvate. It happens by a catalysed enzyme which converts the glucose
molecule into two molecules of pyruvate. Glucose is a 6-carbon compound and pyruvate is a
3 carbon compound. This doesn’t require any oxygen so this reaction can occur during
anaerobic reaction.
These are stages which is the process of glycolysis:
There is a sequence of reaction which is catalysed by a different enzyme. Glycolysis form
and produce two adenosine triphosphate molecules. The first stage of glycolysis is called
phosphorylation which makes and produces an enzyme called ATP. Phosphorylation is a
production of ATP which is made from ADP and phosphate.
The second part is that the ATP molecule which has just been made is broken down through
a reaction called hydrolysis and this reaction causes a phosphate molecule to be released.
The phosphate group which has been released join to a 6-carbon molecule which produces
fructose 6 phosphate. An enzyme called hexokinase speeds up the reaction. The glucose 6
phosphate convert itself into fructose 6 phosphate. An enzyme called glucose phosphate
isomerase catalyses this reaction. An ATP molecule is broken down by a reaction called
hydrolysis and the phosphate group which was released right at the beginning joins to the
first carbon of the fructose 6 phosphate and the phosphate group joining it causes it to
become fructose 1,6 biphosphate. the enzyme which speeds up and catalyses the reaction is
called phosphofructokinase.
The second stage is breaking up the fructose 1,6 biphosphate which was formed to allow
ATP to be made from the products. The fructose 1,6 biphosphate is broken into two
molecules. The enzyme which catalyses the breaking of this is called fructose diphosphate
aldolase. Two molecules called glyceraldhyse-3-phosphate is formed by an enzyme called
triose phosphate isomerase. The important of braking down of fructose 1.6 biphosphate is
that it forms the molecule above. The third stage of glycolysis is a process called oxidation
which means the loss of electrons the molecule that was formed above glyceraldhyde-3-
phosphate the process of oxidation causes It to lose electrons. Two molecules of
glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate loses two hydrogen atoms because it has to produce 1,3
biphosphate glycerate. To produce this molecule to enzymes are needed glyceraldehyde
phosphate dehydrogenase and coenzyme is needed for it to work and two molecules called
NAD is needed and their job is to accept electrons. For this reaction they take hydrogen
atoms which causes two molecules to become reduced and called NADH. At the end of the
oxidation process their function was to produce two molecules of NADH and two molecule
of NAD and two molecules called 1,3 biphosphate glycerate and this is produced to form a
molecule called pyruvate. The last stage of glycolysis is the molecule called 1,3 biphosphate
converting itself into a molecule called pyruvate. This causes two molecules of ATP in each
, 1,3 biphosphate glycerate molecule. Converting the 1,3 biphosphate produce four
molecules of ATP and two molecules of pyruvate.
Explain the Citric Acid Cycle, including where, how and why it happens:
The first step of the citric acid cycle acetyl CoA it joins with a four-carbon molecule and this
forms a six-carbon molecule called citrate. The six-carbon molecule gives out and releases
two of the carbon molecule and this also produces an NADH molecule.
The citrate is converted to an isomer the first part is the removal of water and then adding
the water molecule again. The third step is that the isocitrate give off a carbon molecule and
this means there is now five carbons left. NAD+ loses electrons to form NADH. The enzyme
which is used to catalyse the reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase. The citric acid cycle
occurs in the mitochondria in an area called the matrix. The acid called acetate is formed
from acetyl co enzyme a which is from the link reaction which reacts with the oxaloacetic
acid to produce citric acid which is a carbon 6 compound. The carbon dioxide and two
hydrogen atoms are removed from the citric acid. Hydrogen and NADH is formed and a
carbon 5 compound. Another 4-carbon compound is made because of the citric acid
removing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide atoms. NADH and hydrogen is made producing
the first 4 carbon compound and this makes another four-carbon compound and a molecule
of ADP which is phosphorylated, and this will produce one molecule of ATP. the 4-carbon
compound which is made the second time makes another 4-carbon compound and the
hydrogen will be removed. The co enzyme which catalyses the reaction is different and is
called FAD which allows the hydrogen atom to be reduced.
The reason why the citric acid cycle occurs because during the process there are electrons
which give energy and fuel process for the next process of oxidative phosphorylation
Explain Oxidative Phosphorylation, including where, how and why it happens:
The electron transport chain which is a chain of proteins and molecules that are found in the
membrane of the mitochondria. The electrons are transported down the chain through a
reaction called redox reaction. The energy that is given off is called a proton and this is used
to create ATP and this process is called chemiosmosis. The way It happens is that the
electron transport and the process called chemiosmosis make up the process called
Oxidative phosphorylation which is the last stage of respiration. The mitochondria has two
membrane. The inner membrane consists of four protein parts and are vital for the last
stage of respiration happens. A large portion of ATP is produced from the hydrogen atoms
which is given off or released of the reduced NAD which were made from the stages before
this stage. The NADH molecule which was reduced join to one of the protein parts the first
part which is called 1 and they attach to each other and they give of the hydrogen atom as
stated above but they give it off as proton and electron in the central place of the
mitochondria called the matrix. The reduced NAD. Which lost the hydrogen atom has to be
converted back to a molecule called NADHR and this is useful and important especially in
glycolysis. The molecule called FAD which is made in the citric acid cycle attach itself to the ii
part of the protein and they also have hydrogen atoms which are given off as protons and
electrons in the matrix. The hydrogen ions must stay in the matrix because the electron
have to move pass the protein complexes. This process is known as the electron transport
