2021
Samenvatting statistiek
,Inhoudsopgave
Symbolen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Begrippenlijst ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
Herkenbare signaalwoorden........................................................................................................................................ 1
Verschillende analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Bij toetsende statistiek ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Stappenplan hypothese toetsing ................................................................................................................................. 1
Meetniveau variabelen ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Univariate analyse ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Keuze analyse ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Grafische en kwalitatieve variabelen beschrijven................................................................................................... 5
Grafische en kwantitatieve variabelen beschrijven ................................................................................................ 5
Frequentietabel ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Beschrijving van een verdeling / univariate analyse ............................................................................................... 6
Centrummaten ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
Spreidingsmaten .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Boxplot..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Z-score ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Beschrijving verdeling in populatie ....................................................................................................................... 10
Stappenplan H0 verwerpen ................................................................................................................................... 10
Een- of tweezijdig toetsen ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Gerichte hypothese .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Ongerichte hypothese...................................................................................................................................... 11
Goede en foute beslissingen ................................................................................................................................. 12
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval..................................................................................................................................... 12
Error bar chart ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Bivariate analyse – gemiddelden vergelijken / cohen’s d / t-toets ........................................................................... 14
Cohen’s d .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
T-toets afhankelijke groepen ................................................................................................................................ 15
T-toets onafhankelijke groepen ............................................................................................................................ 15
Levene’s toets ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Bootstrapping ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Multivariate analyse – gemiddelden vergelijken / R2 / ANOVA ................................................................................ 17
Variantie tussen groepen (model)......................................................................................................................... 17
Variantie binnen groepen (residual) ..................................................................................................................... 17
1
, Opsplitsing kwadratensommen ............................................................................................................................ 18
Check op homoscedasticicteit ............................................................................................................................... 19
Post hoc toetsen .................................................................................................................................................... 19
Meervoudige variantie-analyse met meerdere x’en ............................................................................................. 20
Univariate analyse – Chi-kwadraat ............................................................................................................................ 20
Proportie .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Ei ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Chi-kwadraat toets voor goodness of fit ............................................................................................................... 21
Bivariate analyse – kruistabel / Cramérs V / c2 toets ................................................................................................ 22
Chi-kwadraat (c2) en Cramérs V ........................................................................................................................... 22
c2 toets voor onafhankelijkheid ............................................................................................................................ 23
• Regel van Cochran .................................................................................................................................. 23
Bivariate analyse - Kendall’s tau en Spearman rangcorrelatie.................................................................................. 23
Kendall’s tau .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Spearman rangcorrelatie ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Bivariate analyse – Pearson correlatie en regressieanalyse ..................................................................................... 24
Pearson correlatie ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Regressieanalyse ................................................................................................................................................... 25
Regressielijn ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Multivariate analyse – multiple regressieanalyse ..................................................................................................... 27
Modeltoets ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
Modelvergelijkingstoets ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Dummyvariabelen ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Moderatie ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Causaliteit en confounding ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Mediatiemodellen ................................................................................................................................................... 5
SPSS en Syntax ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Meetniveau laten voorstellen door SPSS ................................................................................................................ 7
Nieuwe variabele opzetten (recode variables) ....................................................................................................... 7
Klassenindeling maken ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Berekenen van een nieuwe variabele ..................................................................................................................... 7
Bepaalde groep uitsluiten binnen analyse (blz. 42 boekje) .................................................................................... 7
è Alle data weer normaal ............................................................................................................................ 7
Opsplitsen van bestanden (blz. 45 boekje) ............................................................................................................. 8
è Weer terug naar normaal......................................................................................................................... 8
Aselecte steekproef maken ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Lijndiagram ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Variabelen samenvoegen met nieuwe categorien ................................................................................................. 8
2
, Elke categorie van variabele afzonderlijk opvragen ............................................................................................... 8
Waarde variabele veranderen naar numerieke code ............................................................................................. 8
Missing value syntax ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Labels toevoegen aan nieuwe waarde van nieuwe variabele in syntax ................................................................. 8
Controle of nieuwe variabele goed werkt via syntax .............................................................................................. 8
Variabele verwijderen ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Hernoemen variabele namen.................................................................................................................................. 1
Gemiddelde berekenen van variabelen .................................................................................................................. 1
Count ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Twee variabelen samenvoegen tot verschillende groepen .................................................................................... 1
Tabellen critical value (Z, t, F en Chi2) ......................................................................................................................... 2
Z tabel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
t tabel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
F tabel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Chi2 tabel ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
3
Samenvatting statistiek
,Inhoudsopgave
Symbolen ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Begrippenlijst ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
Herkenbare signaalwoorden........................................................................................................................................ 1
Verschillende analyses ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Bij toetsende statistiek ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Stappenplan hypothese toetsing ................................................................................................................................. 1
Meetniveau variabelen ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Univariate analyse ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Keuze analyse ............................................................................................................................................................... 4
Grafische en kwalitatieve variabelen beschrijven................................................................................................... 5
Grafische en kwantitatieve variabelen beschrijven ................................................................................................ 5
Frequentietabel ....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Beschrijving van een verdeling / univariate analyse ............................................................................................... 6
Centrummaten ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
Spreidingsmaten .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
Boxplot..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Z-score ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Beschrijving verdeling in populatie ....................................................................................................................... 10
Stappenplan H0 verwerpen ................................................................................................................................... 10
Een- of tweezijdig toetsen ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Gerichte hypothese .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Ongerichte hypothese...................................................................................................................................... 11
Goede en foute beslissingen ................................................................................................................................. 12
Betrouwbaarheidsinterval..................................................................................................................................... 12
Error bar chart ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Bivariate analyse – gemiddelden vergelijken / cohen’s d / t-toets ........................................................................... 14
Cohen’s d .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
T-toets afhankelijke groepen ................................................................................................................................ 15
T-toets onafhankelijke groepen ............................................................................................................................ 15
Levene’s toets ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Bootstrapping ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Multivariate analyse – gemiddelden vergelijken / R2 / ANOVA ................................................................................ 17
Variantie tussen groepen (model)......................................................................................................................... 17
Variantie binnen groepen (residual) ..................................................................................................................... 17
1
, Opsplitsing kwadratensommen ............................................................................................................................ 18
Check op homoscedasticicteit ............................................................................................................................... 19
Post hoc toetsen .................................................................................................................................................... 19
Meervoudige variantie-analyse met meerdere x’en ............................................................................................. 20
Univariate analyse – Chi-kwadraat ............................................................................................................................ 20
Proportie .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Ei ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Chi-kwadraat toets voor goodness of fit ............................................................................................................... 21
Bivariate analyse – kruistabel / Cramérs V / c2 toets ................................................................................................ 22
Chi-kwadraat (c2) en Cramérs V ........................................................................................................................... 22
c2 toets voor onafhankelijkheid ............................................................................................................................ 23
• Regel van Cochran .................................................................................................................................. 23
Bivariate analyse - Kendall’s tau en Spearman rangcorrelatie.................................................................................. 23
Kendall’s tau .......................................................................................................................................................... 23
Spearman rangcorrelatie ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Bivariate analyse – Pearson correlatie en regressieanalyse ..................................................................................... 24
Pearson correlatie ................................................................................................................................................. 24
Regressieanalyse ................................................................................................................................................... 25
Regressielijn ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
Multivariate analyse – multiple regressieanalyse ..................................................................................................... 27
Modeltoets ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
Modelvergelijkingstoets ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Dummyvariabelen ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Moderatie ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Causaliteit en confounding ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Mediatiemodellen ................................................................................................................................................... 5
SPSS en Syntax ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Meetniveau laten voorstellen door SPSS ................................................................................................................ 7
Nieuwe variabele opzetten (recode variables) ....................................................................................................... 7
Klassenindeling maken ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Berekenen van een nieuwe variabele ..................................................................................................................... 7
Bepaalde groep uitsluiten binnen analyse (blz. 42 boekje) .................................................................................... 7
è Alle data weer normaal ............................................................................................................................ 7
Opsplitsen van bestanden (blz. 45 boekje) ............................................................................................................. 8
è Weer terug naar normaal......................................................................................................................... 8
Aselecte steekproef maken ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Lijndiagram ............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Variabelen samenvoegen met nieuwe categorien ................................................................................................. 8
2
, Elke categorie van variabele afzonderlijk opvragen ............................................................................................... 8
Waarde variabele veranderen naar numerieke code ............................................................................................. 8
Missing value syntax ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Labels toevoegen aan nieuwe waarde van nieuwe variabele in syntax ................................................................. 8
Controle of nieuwe variabele goed werkt via syntax .............................................................................................. 8
Variabele verwijderen ............................................................................................................................................. 1
Hernoemen variabele namen.................................................................................................................................. 1
Gemiddelde berekenen van variabelen .................................................................................................................. 1
Count ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Twee variabelen samenvoegen tot verschillende groepen .................................................................................... 1
Tabellen critical value (Z, t, F en Chi2) ......................................................................................................................... 2
Z tabel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
t tabel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 4
F tabel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Chi2 tabel ................................................................................................................................................................ 6
3
