NCE: Purple Book Questions and Answers_ Latest fall 2021 Solution guide
NCE: Purple Book Questions & Answers 1. Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are : Ans - psychosocial 2. In Freud's psychodynamic theory, instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists : Ans - believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior. 3. Psychodynamic theories focus on___________ __________ rather than cognitive factors when counseling clients. : Ans - unconcsious processes 4. The ___ is logical, rational, and utilizes the power of reasoning and control to keep impulses in check. The reality principle. : Ans - ego 5. The behaviorist generally feels that if it can't be __________ then it doesn't exist.: Ans - measured 6. The __ is chaotic and concerned only with the body, not with the outside world. This is the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts. : Ans - id 7. The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was : Ans - Erik Erikson 8. The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of : Ans - Sigmund Freud 9. Known for his ideas related to adult cognitive development; especially regarding college students. Stresses a concept known as dualistic thinking, common to teens in which things are conceptualized as good or bad or right or wrong. : Ans - Robert Perry 10. Known for his work in strategic and problem-solving therapy, often utilizing the technique of paradox. Claims to have acquired information by studying works of Milton H. Erickson. : Ans - Jay Haley 11. Considered a pioneer in the behavior therapy movement, especially in regard to the use of systematic desensitization, a technique which helps client cope with phobias. Today his name is associated with multimodal therapy. : Ans - Arnold Lazarus 12. Known figure in the area of adult cognitive development. His model stresses interpersonal development. His theory is billed as a "constructive model of development, meaning that individuals construct reality through the lifespan." : Ans - Robert Keegan 13. Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is: Ans - sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations 14. Idiographic approaches to theories, such as Freud and Piaget, examine _________ in depth. : Ans - individuals 15. In contrast to idiographic approaches, nomothetic approaches (such as behaviorism or the DSM) student general principles that apply to : Ans - the population 16. Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research inasmuch as : Ans - his findings were often derived from observing his own children 17. A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicated that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered: Ans - conservation 18. In Piaget's theory, the term __________ refers to the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. According to Piaget, the child masters this concept during the concrete operations stage (7-11 years).: Ans - conservation 19. Conservation and counting belong in which Piaget stage?: Ans - Concrete Operations 20. In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to: Ans - volume or mass 21. __________ expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development.: Ans - Lawrence Kohlberg 22. He disagreed with Piaget's notion that developmental stages take place naturally, insisting that the stages unfold due to educational intervention.: Ans - Lev Vygotsky 23. Perhaps the leading theorist in moral development. Used stories to determine the level of moral development in children..: Ans - Lawrence Kohlberg 24. Father of American behaviorism and coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912.: Ans - John B. Watson 25. Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow's theories are said to be ________ in nature, meaning each stage emerges from the one before it.: Ans - epigenetic 26. According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests: Ans - one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape 27. During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of: Ans - egocentrism 28. Lawrence Kohlberg suggested: Ans - three levels of morality 29. The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as a typing test is to: Ans - the level of typing skill mastered 30. The term "identity crisis" comes from the work of: Ans - Erikson 31. This term was coined by Abraham Maslow and popularized by learned helplessness syndrome pioneer Martin Seligman. It refers to the study of human strengths, such as joy, wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness, and wisdom.: Ans - positive psychology 32. Kohlberg's three levels of morality are: Ans - preconventional, conventional, postconventional 33. In Kohlberg's levels of morality, this is the level where the child responds to consequences and reward and punishment greatly influence the behavior.: Ans - preconventional 34. In Kohlberg's levels of morality, this is the level where the individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and even the nation.: Ans - conventional 35. Kohlberg felt that many people never reach this level of morality, where the person is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity,and equality of human rights.: Ans - postconventional 36. Trust verses mistrust is: Ans - Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development 37. Postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. His theory is known as the psychiatry of interpersonal relationships.: Ans - Harry Stack Sullivan 38. A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eight stage,: Ans - integrity versus despair 39. In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by: Ans - consequences 40. A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response: Ans - counterconditioning 41. Pioneered by Lev Vygotsky, describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.: Ans - zone of proximal development 42. Freud and Erikson could be classified as: Ans - Maturationists 43. This theory suggests that behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, but that certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. In addition, the theory suggests that the individual's neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.: Ans - Maturation Theory 44. This theory focuses heavily on mindfulness (being aware of your own state of mind and the environment) and was created by Marsha M. Linehan and is useful for clients harboring feelings of self-harm and suicide. It is also useful with substance abuse issues.: Ans - Dialectical behavior therapy 45. John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with: Ans - bonding and attachment 46. Pioneer in terms of using a one-way mirror for observing children. Maturationist.: Ans - Arnold Gesell 47. Known for separation-individual theory of child development, this person calls the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker "symbiosis". Difficulties in the symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis.: Ans - Margaret Mahler 48. In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?: Ans - Generativity versus stagnation 49. This researcher is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys: Ans - Harry Harlow 50. The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is: Ans - true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin 51. The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is: Ans - intimacy versus isolation (25 - 34 years) 52. We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers? 53. A 19-year old male college student 54. A 23-year old male drummer in a rock band 55. A 57-year old female stockbroker 56. A 13-year old male middle school student: Ans - A 13-year old male middle school student 57. In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby moneys, the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a: Ans - terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother 58. Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:: Ans - oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital 59. Freudian concept of the life instinct: Ans - eros 60. Freudian self-destructive death instinct: Ans - thanatos 61. Freudian. ________ content describes dream material as it is presented to the dreamer. ________ content refers to the hidden meaning of the dream.: Ans - manifest, latent 62. In adolescence, _____ commit suicide more often, but ______ attempt suicide more often: Ans - males, females 63. In the general US population, suicide rates tend to _______ with age: Ans - increase 64. The fear of death is greatest during _______________: Ans - middle age 65. In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor which evolves primarily during the: Ans - oral age 66. When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that in general a) girls grow up to smile more b) girls are using more feeling words by age 2 c) girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age d) all of the above: Ans - all of the above 67. The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is: Ans - latency 68. In terms of parenting young children a. boys are punished more than girls b. girls are punished more than boys c. boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion d. boys show more empathy towards others: Ans - boys are punished more than girls 69. This person found that child-rearing methods seem to have a tremendous impact on self-esteem. A study he conducted indicated that children with high self esteem were punished just as often as those with low self esteem. The children with high self esteem, however, were provided with a clear understanding of what was morally right and wrong. High self esteem kids had more rules. High self esteem kids parents emphasized the behavior as bad, not the child. Parents of high self esteem kids were more democratic and listened to kids arguments, then explained the purpose of the rules.: Ans - Stanley Coopersmith 70. When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean: Ans - how much heredity or environment interact to influence development 71. Stage theorists assume: Ans - qualitative changes between stages occur. 72. Development is a: Ans - continuous process which begins at conception 73. Development is cephalocaudal, which means: Ans - head to foot 74. Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and a) assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes b) assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes c) assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code d) all of the above: Ans - all of the above 75. The portion of a trait that can be explained via genetic factors: Ans - heritability 76. Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage: Ans - abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction 77. Kohlberg lists _______ stages of moral development which fall into _______ levels.: Ans - 6; 3 78. A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethic principles has, according to Kohlberg, reached the _______ stage of moral development and is in the _________ level: Ans - highest, postconventional 79. Freud's Oedipus complex (or oedipus stage) occurs during the: Ans - phallic stage 80. In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as the: Ans - electra complex 81. The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stage is: Ans - oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital 82. Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing: Ans - an apparatus known as a visual cliff 83. Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as: Ans - empiricists 84. An empiricist view of development would be: Ans - behavioristic 85. In the famous experiment by Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers: Ans - ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers 86. A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?: Ans - organicism 87. In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the: Ans - sensorimotor stage 88. A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child doesn't believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered ________ or __________.: Ans - object permanence, representational thought 89. The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the: Ans - sensorimotor stage- birth to 2 years 90. John Bowlby asserted that conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate ___________ and ___________ in early childhood: Ans - attachment, bonding 91. The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life appeared to be: Ans - autistic 92. According to Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may ___________ a given psychosexual stage: Ans - become fixated at 93. An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that watching violence tends to make children: Ans - more aggressive 94. A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means: Ans - behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species 95. The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to: Ans - the study of animal's behavior in their natural environment 96. This term refers to laboratory research using animals and attempts to generalize the findings in humans: Ans - comparative psychology 97. Best known for his work on the process of imprinting, an instinctual behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters.: Ans - Konrad Lorenz 98. A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores his or her other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of: Ans - centration 99. Piaget felt that teachers should lecture less, as children in ________ ________ learn best via their own actions and experimentation: Ans - concrete operations 100. Piaget's Preoperational Stage includes: Ans - the acquisition of a symbolic schema. *****************************CONTINUED UPTO QN 400+*******
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- 15 december 2021
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