Complex disorders like HTN, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 DM manifest later in life why? Are they primary/secondary/tertiary/genetic disorders? (Pg. 89-92)
HTN, CAD, and type 2 DM are multifactorial disorders. Common medical problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity do not have a single genetic cause—they are likely associated with the effects of multiple genes in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors . Conditions caused by many contributing factors are called complex or multifactorial disorders. Therefore, they can appear later on in life. 1.What is the most accurate classification of the common forms of coronary artery disease and hypertension? A.Secondary disorders caused by lifestyle choices
B.Sequential genetic disorders related to age, ethnicity, and gender
C.Complex disorders resulting from gene–environment interactions
D.Primary disorders with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance
2.What do the known monogenic disorders that result in the expression of hypertension have in common? A.An error in the ability of vascular smooth muscle to contract
B.An error in the ability of vascular smooth muscle to relax
C.Excessive kidney reabsorption of sodium
D.Excessive kidney excretion of potassium
3.Which variable in a person with coronary artery disease increases the likelihood of a strong genetic influence in its expression? A.The problem is severe before age 50 years
B.The disorder is not present in the person’s dizygotic twin.
C.The affected person has eaten a vegetarian diet for the past 5 years.
D.The disorder is present in about 5% of the person’s maternal older male family
members.
Multifactorial disorders - child onset: DM type 1, asthma
4.Which gene-environment is most likely for the development of atopic asthma in childhood? -Greater gene contribution than environmental contribution
5.Which result of genetic/genomic variation has the most support as a cause of asthma?
A.Decreased resistance to infectious microorganisms
B.Early childhood exposures to inhalation irritants (air pollution)
C.Increased inflammatory responses to environmental triggers
D.Mutations of frontal lobe genes controlling attention-getting behavior
6.Which type of gene could be considered a “candidate gene” for mutations that increase the genetic input to asthma development? A.One that controls the expression of hemoglobin levels
B.One that regulates the number of alveoli a person develops
C.One that regulates the sensitivity of bronchiolar smooth muscle
D.One that is responsible for the metabolism and elimination of nicotine
Multifactorial disorders - adult onset: DM type 2, obesity, autoimmune disorders: MS, SLE, and RA
7.Which autoimmune disorder has the greatest environmental contribution? -Multiple Sclerosis
8.Why are complex or multifactorial disorders more commonly expressed among adults than among children? A.As adults age there is more time for environmental factors to influence the expression of a genetic disorder
B.Gene expression in adults is greater than in childhood as a result of age-
related amplification of gene copy numbers.
C.Children have better DNA repair mechanisms than adults and are more likely to correct a predisposition for a complex disorder.
D.In order for a complex or multifactorial disorder to be expressed in childhood, the child must be homozygous for the genetic mutation.
HTN can be either primary (idiopathic - 90/95% cases of HTN) or secondary (brought on by a secondary cause)
9.What is true about the gene variants that cause hypertension? -Genes that code for proteins in the RAAS pathways are often involved
10.Which statement or condition best reflects multifactorial inheritance? -The susceptibility to a problem is an inherited trait but development of the problem is related to environmental conditions
Diabetes type 2 is a complex disorder with a large genetic contribution . Disorders such
as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Single-gene disorders can result in an increased incidence of DM. 11.Which factor is consistent with Multifactorial (Complex) Genetic Disease? A.Expression of the trait often involves mutations in several genes.
B.Monozygotic (identical) twin concordance is 100%.
C.Genotype consistently predicts phenotype.
D.It tends to be autosomal dominant.
12.Cite five examples of multifactorial-inherited conditions :
-Heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, osteoarthritis, neural tube defects, spina bifida, and anencephaly
13.A multifactorial genetic condition that tends to cluster in families is:
-Neural tube defects
HTN, CAD, and type 2 DM are multifactorial disorders. Common medical problems such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity do not have a single genetic cause—they are likely associated with the effects of multiple genes in combination with lifestyle and environmental factors . Conditions caused by many contributing factors are called complex or multifactorial disorders. Therefore, they can appear later on in life. 1.What is the most accurate classification of the common forms of coronary artery disease and hypertension? A.Secondary disorders caused by lifestyle choices
B.Sequential genetic disorders related to age, ethnicity, and gender
C.Complex disorders resulting from gene–environment interactions
D.Primary disorders with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance
2.What do the known monogenic disorders that result in the expression of hypertension have in common? A.An error in the ability of vascular smooth muscle to contract
B.An error in the ability of vascular smooth muscle to relax
C.Excessive kidney reabsorption of sodium
D.Excessive kidney excretion of potassium
3.Which variable in a person with coronary artery disease increases the likelihood of a strong genetic influence in its expression? A.The problem is severe before age 50 years
B.The disorder is not present in the person’s dizygotic twin.
C.The affected person has eaten a vegetarian diet for the past 5 years.
D.The disorder is present in about 5% of the person’s maternal older male family
members.
Multifactorial disorders - child onset: DM type 1, asthma
4.Which gene-environment is most likely for the development of atopic asthma in childhood? -Greater gene contribution than environmental contribution
5.Which result of genetic/genomic variation has the most support as a cause of asthma?
A.Decreased resistance to infectious microorganisms
B.Early childhood exposures to inhalation irritants (air pollution)
C.Increased inflammatory responses to environmental triggers
D.Mutations of frontal lobe genes controlling attention-getting behavior
6.Which type of gene could be considered a “candidate gene” for mutations that increase the genetic input to asthma development? A.One that controls the expression of hemoglobin levels
B.One that regulates the number of alveoli a person develops
C.One that regulates the sensitivity of bronchiolar smooth muscle
D.One that is responsible for the metabolism and elimination of nicotine
Multifactorial disorders - adult onset: DM type 2, obesity, autoimmune disorders: MS, SLE, and RA
7.Which autoimmune disorder has the greatest environmental contribution? -Multiple Sclerosis
8.Why are complex or multifactorial disorders more commonly expressed among adults than among children? A.As adults age there is more time for environmental factors to influence the expression of a genetic disorder
B.Gene expression in adults is greater than in childhood as a result of age-
related amplification of gene copy numbers.
C.Children have better DNA repair mechanisms than adults and are more likely to correct a predisposition for a complex disorder.
D.In order for a complex or multifactorial disorder to be expressed in childhood, the child must be homozygous for the genetic mutation.
HTN can be either primary (idiopathic - 90/95% cases of HTN) or secondary (brought on by a secondary cause)
9.What is true about the gene variants that cause hypertension? -Genes that code for proteins in the RAAS pathways are often involved
10.Which statement or condition best reflects multifactorial inheritance? -The susceptibility to a problem is an inherited trait but development of the problem is related to environmental conditions
Diabetes type 2 is a complex disorder with a large genetic contribution . Disorders such
as Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Single-gene disorders can result in an increased incidence of DM. 11.Which factor is consistent with Multifactorial (Complex) Genetic Disease? A.Expression of the trait often involves mutations in several genes.
B.Monozygotic (identical) twin concordance is 100%.
C.Genotype consistently predicts phenotype.
D.It tends to be autosomal dominant.
12.Cite five examples of multifactorial-inherited conditions :
-Heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, osteoarthritis, neural tube defects, spina bifida, and anencephaly
13.A multifactorial genetic condition that tends to cluster in families is:
-Neural tube defects
