CONTENTS
Week 1.......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Questions week 1.................................................................................................................................................6
Lecture 1...............................................................................................................................................................7
What is administrative law?............................................................................................................................7
What connects you to the government?.........................................................................................................7
EXAMPLES........................................................................................................................................................7
How does administrative law apply to Airbnb?...............................................................................................8
What disconnects you from the government?................................................................................................8
REGULATION INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................8
FAIR TRADE CHOCOLATE EXAMPLE.................................................................................................................9
TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTIONS OF REGULATION:..............................................................................................9
TWO IMAGES OF LAW IN REGULATION.........................................................................................................10
Lecture 2.............................................................................................................................................................10
WHAT IS A PUBLIC AUTHORITY?....................................................................................................................10
CRITEREA FOR PUBLIC AUTHORTY.................................................................................................................11
BLANCO CASE.................................................................................................................................................11
If not a formal part of government check if:.................................................................................................11
ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION..............................................................................................................................11
Why discretionary powers?...........................................................................................................................12
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (casesse)....................................................................................13
CASSESE ARTICLE................................................................................................................................................13
WEEK 2........................................................................................................................................................ 18
LECTURE 3...........................................................................................................................................................18
ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION (what does a public authority do) one of the pillars of administrative law in civil
law countries.................................................................................................................................................18
When do we have an administrative act?.....................................................................................................18
DISTINCTIONS WITHIN ADMINISTRATIVE ACTS............................................................................................18
Adjudication...................................................................................................................................................18
Rulemaking....................................................................................................................................................19
Investigations.................................................................................................................................................19
Why regulate?................................................................................................................................................19
Who should regulate? (talking about Airbnb)...............................................................................................19
2 TYPES OF REGULATION...............................................................................................................................20
Economic regulation......................................................................................................................................20
Social Regulation............................................................................................................................................20
PUBLIC INTEREST THEORIES OF REGULATION...............................................................................................20
PRIVATE INTERST THEORIES OF REGULATION...............................................................................................20
CONCLUSION THEORIES OF REGULATION.....................................................................................................21
HOW DOES ONE REGULATE? (form of regulation)........................................................................................21
HOW? REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS.............................................................................................................21
EXAMPLE OF APPLYING REGULATION THEORY.............................................................................................21
LECTURE 4 GOOD ADMINISTRATION.................................................................................................................22
STANDARDS OF GOOD ADMINISTRATION.....................................................................................................22
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN IN PRACTICE? DIMENSIONS...................................................................................23
CAN CITIZENS COMPLAIN ABOUT MAL-ADMINISTRATION AND WHAT EXACTLY?.......................................24
OMBUDSMAN................................................................................................................................................25
Questions week 2...............................................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................... 29
1
,WEEK 3........................................................................................................................................................ 29
LECTURE 5 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF MARKET REGULATION........................................29
What is public law?........................................................................................................................................29
What is private law?......................................................................................................................................29
1. public/private divide in national legal systems.........................................................................................29
2. Differences in focus when it comes to the interests that they seek to protect........................................29
URGENDA CASE..............................................................................................................................................30
3. What kind of justice is pursued by each....................................................................................................30
4. Enforcement..............................................................................................................................................30
what distinguishes public law from private law today?................................................................................31
what distinguishes private law from private law today?..............................................................................31
THE USE OF PUBLIC/PRIVATE LAW IN MARKET REGULATION...........................................................................31
Market regulation is concerned with 3 principal questions..........................................................................31
Eu law takes a functional approach...............................................................................................................32
Multi-level system of governance.................................................................................................................33
FIRST HYBRID: EUROPEAN REGULATORY PRIAVTE LAW...............................................................................33
What is European regulatory private law?....................................................................................................34
SECOND HYBRID: EUROPEAN SUPERVISION PROAVTE LAW (Olga)..............................................................35
What is European supervision private law?..................................................................................................35
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PRIVATE DIVIDE IN REGULATED AREAS.......................................................36
Has the public/private divide in regulated areas become superfluous?.......................................................37
LECTURE 6...........................................................................................................................................................37
Regulation from a functional perspective.....................................................................................................37
Regulation from the perspective of its scope................................................................................................37
REGULATORY FORMS.....................................................................................................................................37
1. Self-regulation (broad sense)....................................................................................................................38
2. public regulation (narrow sense)...............................................................................................................38
3. Co-regulation (broad sense)......................................................................................................................39
REGULATORY TECHNIQUES...........................................................................................................................39
1. Command and control...............................................................................................................................39
NEW GOVERNANCE TECHNIQUES.................................................................................................................40
2. principles-based regulation.......................................................................................................................40
3. meta-regulation.........................................................................................................................................41
4. Enrollment of gatekeepers........................................................................................................................42
5. risk-based regulation.................................................................................................................................43
JULIA BLACK - PARADOXES AND FAILURES: ‘NEW GOVERNANCE’ TECHNIQUES AND THE FINANCIAL CRISIS..45
Questions week 3...............................................................................................................................................46
WEEK 4........................................................................................................................................................ 51
LECTURE 7 CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS............................................................................................................51
WHY REGULATE CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS?.............................................................................................51
Business-to-consumer (B2C) relations..........................................................................................................51
Why should B2C be regulated?.....................................................................................................................52
Regulatory goals............................................................................................................................................52
HOW ARE CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS, CONSUMER SALES OF GOODS, REGULATED BY THE EU?..............52
Regulatory tools: An overview.......................................................................................................................52
1. Product safety standards...........................................................................................................................53
2. Product liability..........................................................................................................................................54
3. prohibition of unfair commercial practices...............................................................................................55
4. Information requirements.........................................................................................................................56
5. Right of withdrawal...................................................................................................................................57
6. Contract terms control..............................................................................................................................57
7. Remedies for non-conformity of goods.....................................................................................................58
2
, HOW TO REGULATE CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS SO AS TO ENSURE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION?............................................................................................................................................59
Relationship consumer protection and environmental protection:.............................................................59
LECTURE 8 FINANCIAL SERVICES........................................................................................................................60
WHY REGULATE FINANCIAL SERVICES?.........................................................................................................60
What are financial services?..........................................................................................................................60
Why are they regulated?...............................................................................................................................60
THE ORIGINS OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS........................................................................................................60
Types of financial institutions:.......................................................................................................................62
Roles of financial institutions:.......................................................................................................................62
RELATIONS BETWEEN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CONSUMERS/POTENTIAL CLIENTS..........................62
HOW TO REGULATE FINANCIAL SERVICES?...................................................................................................63
Main building blocks for financial regulation................................................................................................64
Prudential regulation.....................................................................................................................................64
Conduct of business regulation.....................................................................................................................64
Legal paternalism to what degree? (august? Article on legal paternalism)..................................................64
Prudential regulatory tools examples:..........................................................................................................65
1. Authorization requirements......................................................................................................................65
2. Bank capital requirements.........................................................................................................................66
3. Requirements on management bodies.....................................................................................................66
CONDUCT OF BUSINESS REGULATION: SIMPLE CONSUMER CREDIT IN THE EU..........................................66
key regulatory tools used by the EU:.............................................................................................................66
WEEK 5........................................................................................................................................................ 68
LECTURE 9 REGULATION OF FINANCIAL SERVICES (conduct of business regulation)........................................68
CONDUCT OF BUSINESS REGULATION: THE CASE OF RETAIL INVESTMENT SERVICES IN THE EU
(investment service providers)......................................................................................................................68
Capital markets..............................................................................................................................................68
Types of investment products.......................................................................................................................68
3 main types of investment services.............................................................................................................68
Mis-selling of investment products...............................................................................................................69
Major challenge for conduct of business regulation.....................................................................................69
Regulatory dilemma.......................................................................................................................................69
Legal paternalism to what degree?...............................................................................................................69
Three main building blocks of conduct of business regulation on the continuum between ‘soft’ and ‘hard’
paternalism....................................................................................................................................................70
1. product disclosure regulation....................................................................................................................70
2. Distribution regulation...............................................................................................................................71
3. Product regulation.....................................................................................................................................72
FINTECH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................73
What is FinTech?............................................................................................................................................73
What is sustainable finance?.........................................................................................................................73
FinTech opportunities....................................................................................................................................73
FinTech risks...................................................................................................................................................73
LECTURE 10.........................................................................................................................................................74
THE LIMITS OF REGULATORY STANDARDS....................................................................................................74
1. The problem of inclusiveness....................................................................................................................74
2. The problem of indeterminacy..................................................................................................................74
3. the problem of interpretation...................................................................................................................75
Principle issue................................................................................................................................................75
ENFORCEMENT MODES.................................................................................................................................75
1. PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT..............................................................................................................................75
3 occasions for regulatory conversations......................................................................................................76
2 ‘ideal’ enforcement styles:.........................................................................................................................76
A penal style:.................................................................................................................................................76
3
, A conciliatory style:........................................................................................................................................76
AN ENFORCEMENT PYRAMID AS A COMPROMISE........................................................................................77
Concerns about the enforcement pyramid...................................................................................................78
2. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT............................................................................................................................78
3. hybrid enforcement...................................................................................................................................79
Questions week 5...............................................................................................................................................79
WEEK 6........................................................................................................................................................ 82
LECTURE 11 ENFORCEMENT IN THE FIELD ON EUROPEAN CONSUMER LAW...................................................82
A GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF EU CONSUMER LAW ENFORCEMENT............................................................82
Division of labour between EU and MS.........................................................................................................83
Division of labour between EU and MS (for consumer law).........................................................................83
3 PRINCIPLES OF EU LAW...............................................................................................................................83
Sources of the 3 principles.............................................................................................................................83
Relevance of the 3 principles for the enforcement of consumer law...........................................................84
1. Principle of effectiveness...........................................................................................................................84
2. Principle of proportionality........................................................................................................................84
3. Principle of dissuasiveness........................................................................................................................84
Potential conflicts between the 3 principles.................................................................................................85
ENFORCEMENT MODES IN THE FIELD ON EU CONSUMER LAW...................................................................85
1. Public enforcement....................................................................................................................................85
General minimum powers of national administrative agencies...................................................................85
Specific powers of national administrative agencies....................................................................................86
List of factor that should be taken into account when imposing a penalty..................................................86
How to ensure administrative enforcement of private-law oriented EU measures.....................................86
2. Private enforcement..................................................................................................................................87
types of actions:.............................................................................................................................................87
impact of EU law............................................................................................................................................87
Injunctive measures.......................................................................................................................................87
Redress measures:.........................................................................................................................................87
Complementarity between public and private enforcement.......................................................................88
3. hybrid enforcement...................................................................................................................................88
LECTURE 12 EUROPEAN FINANCIAL LAW...........................................................................................................89
Legal challenges:............................................................................................................................................89
ENFORCEMENT MODES.................................................................................................................................89
1. Public enforcement....................................................................................................................................90
Prudential regulation.....................................................................................................................................90
Conduct of business regulation.....................................................................................................................90
FINANCIAL SUPERVISION: 3 MODELS............................................................................................................90
1. Twin-peak model:......................................................................................................................................90
2. Integrated model:......................................................................................................................................90
3. Sector-based model:..................................................................................................................................91
European system of financial supervision: ESAS + ECB.................................................................................91
3 European supervisory authorities..............................................................................................................91
European securities and market authority (ESMA) mission..........................................................................92
ESMA’s POWERS RELATED TO CONSUMER PROTECTION.............................................................................92
Minimum powers of national administrative agencies: e.g:.........................................................................93
Appropriate administrative sanctions...........................................................................................................94
Where does EU land stand between punishment and persuasion?.............................................................95
Appropriate administrative sanctions II........................................................................................................95
How to ensure administrative enforcement of private-law oriented EU measures?...................................96
2. Private enforcement: types of action........................................................................................................96
Complementarity between public and private enforcement?......................................................................97
3. hybrid enforcement...................................................................................................................................97
Questions week 6...............................................................................................................................................98
4
Week 1.......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Questions week 1.................................................................................................................................................6
Lecture 1...............................................................................................................................................................7
What is administrative law?............................................................................................................................7
What connects you to the government?.........................................................................................................7
EXAMPLES........................................................................................................................................................7
How does administrative law apply to Airbnb?...............................................................................................8
What disconnects you from the government?................................................................................................8
REGULATION INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................8
FAIR TRADE CHOCOLATE EXAMPLE.................................................................................................................9
TRADITIONAL ASSUMPTIONS OF REGULATION:..............................................................................................9
TWO IMAGES OF LAW IN REGULATION.........................................................................................................10
Lecture 2.............................................................................................................................................................10
WHAT IS A PUBLIC AUTHORITY?....................................................................................................................10
CRITEREA FOR PUBLIC AUTHORTY.................................................................................................................11
BLANCO CASE.................................................................................................................................................11
If not a formal part of government check if:.................................................................................................11
ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION..............................................................................................................................11
Why discretionary powers?...........................................................................................................................12
EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION (casesse)....................................................................................13
CASSESE ARTICLE................................................................................................................................................13
WEEK 2........................................................................................................................................................ 18
LECTURE 3...........................................................................................................................................................18
ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION (what does a public authority do) one of the pillars of administrative law in civil
law countries.................................................................................................................................................18
When do we have an administrative act?.....................................................................................................18
DISTINCTIONS WITHIN ADMINISTRATIVE ACTS............................................................................................18
Adjudication...................................................................................................................................................18
Rulemaking....................................................................................................................................................19
Investigations.................................................................................................................................................19
Why regulate?................................................................................................................................................19
Who should regulate? (talking about Airbnb)...............................................................................................19
2 TYPES OF REGULATION...............................................................................................................................20
Economic regulation......................................................................................................................................20
Social Regulation............................................................................................................................................20
PUBLIC INTEREST THEORIES OF REGULATION...............................................................................................20
PRIVATE INTERST THEORIES OF REGULATION...............................................................................................20
CONCLUSION THEORIES OF REGULATION.....................................................................................................21
HOW DOES ONE REGULATE? (form of regulation)........................................................................................21
HOW? REGULATORY INSTRUMENTS.............................................................................................................21
EXAMPLE OF APPLYING REGULATION THEORY.............................................................................................21
LECTURE 4 GOOD ADMINISTRATION.................................................................................................................22
STANDARDS OF GOOD ADMINISTRATION.....................................................................................................22
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN IN PRACTICE? DIMENSIONS...................................................................................23
CAN CITIZENS COMPLAIN ABOUT MAL-ADMINISTRATION AND WHAT EXACTLY?.......................................24
OMBUDSMAN................................................................................................................................................25
Questions week 2...............................................................................................................................................25
.................................................................................................................................................................... 29
1
,WEEK 3........................................................................................................................................................ 29
LECTURE 5 PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW IN THE CONTEXT OF MARKET REGULATION........................................29
What is public law?........................................................................................................................................29
What is private law?......................................................................................................................................29
1. public/private divide in national legal systems.........................................................................................29
2. Differences in focus when it comes to the interests that they seek to protect........................................29
URGENDA CASE..............................................................................................................................................30
3. What kind of justice is pursued by each....................................................................................................30
4. Enforcement..............................................................................................................................................30
what distinguishes public law from private law today?................................................................................31
what distinguishes private law from private law today?..............................................................................31
THE USE OF PUBLIC/PRIVATE LAW IN MARKET REGULATION...........................................................................31
Market regulation is concerned with 3 principal questions..........................................................................31
Eu law takes a functional approach...............................................................................................................32
Multi-level system of governance.................................................................................................................33
FIRST HYBRID: EUROPEAN REGULATORY PRIAVTE LAW...............................................................................33
What is European regulatory private law?....................................................................................................34
SECOND HYBRID: EUROPEAN SUPERVISION PROAVTE LAW (Olga)..............................................................35
What is European supervision private law?..................................................................................................35
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF PUBLIC PRIVATE DIVIDE IN REGULATED AREAS.......................................................36
Has the public/private divide in regulated areas become superfluous?.......................................................37
LECTURE 6...........................................................................................................................................................37
Regulation from a functional perspective.....................................................................................................37
Regulation from the perspective of its scope................................................................................................37
REGULATORY FORMS.....................................................................................................................................37
1. Self-regulation (broad sense)....................................................................................................................38
2. public regulation (narrow sense)...............................................................................................................38
3. Co-regulation (broad sense)......................................................................................................................39
REGULATORY TECHNIQUES...........................................................................................................................39
1. Command and control...............................................................................................................................39
NEW GOVERNANCE TECHNIQUES.................................................................................................................40
2. principles-based regulation.......................................................................................................................40
3. meta-regulation.........................................................................................................................................41
4. Enrollment of gatekeepers........................................................................................................................42
5. risk-based regulation.................................................................................................................................43
JULIA BLACK - PARADOXES AND FAILURES: ‘NEW GOVERNANCE’ TECHNIQUES AND THE FINANCIAL CRISIS..45
Questions week 3...............................................................................................................................................46
WEEK 4........................................................................................................................................................ 51
LECTURE 7 CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS............................................................................................................51
WHY REGULATE CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS?.............................................................................................51
Business-to-consumer (B2C) relations..........................................................................................................51
Why should B2C be regulated?.....................................................................................................................52
Regulatory goals............................................................................................................................................52
HOW ARE CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS, CONSUMER SALES OF GOODS, REGULATED BY THE EU?..............52
Regulatory tools: An overview.......................................................................................................................52
1. Product safety standards...........................................................................................................................53
2. Product liability..........................................................................................................................................54
3. prohibition of unfair commercial practices...............................................................................................55
4. Information requirements.........................................................................................................................56
5. Right of withdrawal...................................................................................................................................57
6. Contract terms control..............................................................................................................................57
7. Remedies for non-conformity of goods.....................................................................................................58
2
, HOW TO REGULATE CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS SO AS TO ENSURE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION?............................................................................................................................................59
Relationship consumer protection and environmental protection:.............................................................59
LECTURE 8 FINANCIAL SERVICES........................................................................................................................60
WHY REGULATE FINANCIAL SERVICES?.........................................................................................................60
What are financial services?..........................................................................................................................60
Why are they regulated?...............................................................................................................................60
THE ORIGINS OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS........................................................................................................60
Types of financial institutions:.......................................................................................................................62
Roles of financial institutions:.......................................................................................................................62
RELATIONS BETWEEN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CONSUMERS/POTENTIAL CLIENTS..........................62
HOW TO REGULATE FINANCIAL SERVICES?...................................................................................................63
Main building blocks for financial regulation................................................................................................64
Prudential regulation.....................................................................................................................................64
Conduct of business regulation.....................................................................................................................64
Legal paternalism to what degree? (august? Article on legal paternalism)..................................................64
Prudential regulatory tools examples:..........................................................................................................65
1. Authorization requirements......................................................................................................................65
2. Bank capital requirements.........................................................................................................................66
3. Requirements on management bodies.....................................................................................................66
CONDUCT OF BUSINESS REGULATION: SIMPLE CONSUMER CREDIT IN THE EU..........................................66
key regulatory tools used by the EU:.............................................................................................................66
WEEK 5........................................................................................................................................................ 68
LECTURE 9 REGULATION OF FINANCIAL SERVICES (conduct of business regulation)........................................68
CONDUCT OF BUSINESS REGULATION: THE CASE OF RETAIL INVESTMENT SERVICES IN THE EU
(investment service providers)......................................................................................................................68
Capital markets..............................................................................................................................................68
Types of investment products.......................................................................................................................68
3 main types of investment services.............................................................................................................68
Mis-selling of investment products...............................................................................................................69
Major challenge for conduct of business regulation.....................................................................................69
Regulatory dilemma.......................................................................................................................................69
Legal paternalism to what degree?...............................................................................................................69
Three main building blocks of conduct of business regulation on the continuum between ‘soft’ and ‘hard’
paternalism....................................................................................................................................................70
1. product disclosure regulation....................................................................................................................70
2. Distribution regulation...............................................................................................................................71
3. Product regulation.....................................................................................................................................72
FINTECH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT................................................................................................73
What is FinTech?............................................................................................................................................73
What is sustainable finance?.........................................................................................................................73
FinTech opportunities....................................................................................................................................73
FinTech risks...................................................................................................................................................73
LECTURE 10.........................................................................................................................................................74
THE LIMITS OF REGULATORY STANDARDS....................................................................................................74
1. The problem of inclusiveness....................................................................................................................74
2. The problem of indeterminacy..................................................................................................................74
3. the problem of interpretation...................................................................................................................75
Principle issue................................................................................................................................................75
ENFORCEMENT MODES.................................................................................................................................75
1. PUBLIC ENFORCEMENT..............................................................................................................................75
3 occasions for regulatory conversations......................................................................................................76
2 ‘ideal’ enforcement styles:.........................................................................................................................76
A penal style:.................................................................................................................................................76
3
, A conciliatory style:........................................................................................................................................76
AN ENFORCEMENT PYRAMID AS A COMPROMISE........................................................................................77
Concerns about the enforcement pyramid...................................................................................................78
2. PRIVATE ENFORCEMENT............................................................................................................................78
3. hybrid enforcement...................................................................................................................................79
Questions week 5...............................................................................................................................................79
WEEK 6........................................................................................................................................................ 82
LECTURE 11 ENFORCEMENT IN THE FIELD ON EUROPEAN CONSUMER LAW...................................................82
A GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF EU CONSUMER LAW ENFORCEMENT............................................................82
Division of labour between EU and MS.........................................................................................................83
Division of labour between EU and MS (for consumer law).........................................................................83
3 PRINCIPLES OF EU LAW...............................................................................................................................83
Sources of the 3 principles.............................................................................................................................83
Relevance of the 3 principles for the enforcement of consumer law...........................................................84
1. Principle of effectiveness...........................................................................................................................84
2. Principle of proportionality........................................................................................................................84
3. Principle of dissuasiveness........................................................................................................................84
Potential conflicts between the 3 principles.................................................................................................85
ENFORCEMENT MODES IN THE FIELD ON EU CONSUMER LAW...................................................................85
1. Public enforcement....................................................................................................................................85
General minimum powers of national administrative agencies...................................................................85
Specific powers of national administrative agencies....................................................................................86
List of factor that should be taken into account when imposing a penalty..................................................86
How to ensure administrative enforcement of private-law oriented EU measures.....................................86
2. Private enforcement..................................................................................................................................87
types of actions:.............................................................................................................................................87
impact of EU law............................................................................................................................................87
Injunctive measures.......................................................................................................................................87
Redress measures:.........................................................................................................................................87
Complementarity between public and private enforcement.......................................................................88
3. hybrid enforcement...................................................................................................................................88
LECTURE 12 EUROPEAN FINANCIAL LAW...........................................................................................................89
Legal challenges:............................................................................................................................................89
ENFORCEMENT MODES.................................................................................................................................89
1. Public enforcement....................................................................................................................................90
Prudential regulation.....................................................................................................................................90
Conduct of business regulation.....................................................................................................................90
FINANCIAL SUPERVISION: 3 MODELS............................................................................................................90
1. Twin-peak model:......................................................................................................................................90
2. Integrated model:......................................................................................................................................90
3. Sector-based model:..................................................................................................................................91
European system of financial supervision: ESAS + ECB.................................................................................91
3 European supervisory authorities..............................................................................................................91
European securities and market authority (ESMA) mission..........................................................................92
ESMA’s POWERS RELATED TO CONSUMER PROTECTION.............................................................................92
Minimum powers of national administrative agencies: e.g:.........................................................................93
Appropriate administrative sanctions...........................................................................................................94
Where does EU land stand between punishment and persuasion?.............................................................95
Appropriate administrative sanctions II........................................................................................................95
How to ensure administrative enforcement of private-law oriented EU measures?...................................96
2. Private enforcement: types of action........................................................................................................96
Complementarity between public and private enforcement?......................................................................97
3. hybrid enforcement...................................................................................................................................97
Questions week 6...............................................................................................................................................98
4
