PSY 1021 Sociaal gedrag
Luc Kessen
i6276513
PSY jaar 1
,Inhoud
Wat zijn gedachtefouten en welke zijn er?...........................................................................................14
Stereotypen......................................................................................................................................14
Sociaal beoordelingsvermogen........................................................................................................14
Rumour and gossip..........................................................................................................................14
Conspiracy theories..........................................................................................................................14
Wat zijn de oorzaken van gedachtefouten?..........................................................................................14
Positiviteit en negativiteit................................................................................................................14
Uiterlijk............................................................................................................................................15
Stereotypen......................................................................................................................................15
Sociaal beoordelingsvermogen........................................................................................................15
Schema’s..........................................................................................................................................16
Personen schema’s.......................................................................................................................17
Rollen schema’s...........................................................................................................................17
Scripts..........................................................................................................................................17
Content-vrije schema’s................................................................................................................17
Zelf-schema’s..............................................................................................................................17
Categorieën en prototypen...............................................................................................................17
Accentuering principe......................................................................................................................17
Sociaal codering...............................................................................................................................17
Opvallendheid..............................................................................................................................18
Levendigheid...............................................................................................................................18
Toegankelijkheid.........................................................................................................................18
Geheugen van een mens...................................................................................................................19
Afwijkingen van het normaal.......................................................................................................19
Regressie......................................................................................................................................20
Base-rate informatie.....................................................................................................................20
Heuristieken.....................................................................................................................................20
Representatieve heuristics............................................................................................................20
Beschikbaarheid heuristics...........................................................................................................20
Verankeren en afstellen................................................................................................................20
Naïeve psycholoog...........................................................................................................................21
Correspondent-inference..................................................................................................................21
Outcome bias:.............................................................................................................................22
Non-common effects....................................................................................................................22
Hedonic relevance........................................................................................................................22
, Personalism..................................................................................................................................22
Mensen als alledaagse wetenschapper.............................................................................................22
Covaration model.........................................................................................................................22
Emoties verklaren............................................................................................................................24
Attributies voor ons eigen gedrag....................................................................................................24
Opdracht prestatie attributie.............................................................................................................24
Individuele verschillen en attributie stijlen......................................................................................25
Interpersoonlijke relaties..................................................................................................................25
Motivated tacticians.........................................................................................................................26
Corresponderende vooroordelen en de fundamenten van attributie fouten......................................26
Actor-observer effect.......................................................................................................................27
False consensus effect......................................................................................................................27
Self-serving bias..............................................................................................................................27
Rumour and gossip..........................................................................................................................28
Conspiracy theories..........................................................................................................................28
.........................................................................................................................................................28
Hoe kan je gedachtefouten voorkomen?..............................................................................................28
Wat is “Self”........................................................................................................................................41
Self en identiteit in historische context............................................................................................41
Psychodynamische “self”.................................................................................................................41
Individual versus collective “self”...................................................................................................42
Collective “self”...............................................................................................................................42
Symbolic interactionist “self”......................................................................................................42
Zelfbewustzijn.................................................................................................................................43
Zelfkennis........................................................................................................................................43
Zelfschema’s................................................................................................................................43
Regulatory focus theory..................................................................................................................44
Promotiesysteem..........................................................................................................................44
Preventiesysteem.........................................................................................................................44
Gevolgen van ons gedrag.................................................................................................................44
Veel “selves”, meerdere identiteiten................................................................................................45
Soorten zelf en identiteit..............................................................................................................45
Self-coherence.................................................................................................................................45
Zelfmotieven....................................................................................................................................45
Self-assessment en self-verificatie...............................................................................................46
Self-enhancement.........................................................................................................................46
Zelfpresentatie en impressie management.......................................................................................47
, Strategische zelfpresentatie..........................................................................................................47
Expressieve zelfpresentatie..........................................................................................................47
Wat is de sociale “self”........................................................................................................................47
Social identity theory.......................................................................................................................47
Persoonlijke identiteit en sociale identiteit.......................................................................................47
Proces van sociale identiteit opvallendheid......................................................................................47
Wat is zelfverzekerdheid (self-esteem)................................................................................................49
Zelfverzekerdheid............................................................................................................................49
Zelfverzekerdheid en sociale identiteit............................................................................................49
Individuele verschillen.....................................................................................................................49
Sociometer.......................................................................................................................................49
Nastreven van zelfverzekerdheid.....................................................................................................49
Angst voor de dood......................................................................................................................49
Waarom willen we ons zo goed mogelijk presenteren binnen een groep?...........................................50
Sociale vergelijking en zelfkennis...................................................................................................50
Wat zijn stereotypen, vooroordelen en discriminatie en wat zijn de verschillen..................................63
Nature and dimensions of prejudice.................................................................................................63
Vooroordelen houding en discriminationeel gedrag.........................................................................63
Doelwitten van discriminatie en vooroordelen.................................................................................63
Vormen van discriminatie................................................................................................................64
Terughoudendheid om te helpen..................................................................................................64
Tokenisme...................................................................................................................................64
Omgekeerde discriminatie...........................................................................................................64
Hoe worden stereotypen, vooroordelen en discriminatie veroorzaakt..................................................65
Frustratie-agressie............................................................................................................................65
Autoriteiten persoonlijkheid............................................................................................................66
Dogmatisme en close-minded..........................................................................................................67
Rechtse autoritarisme.......................................................................................................................67
Sociale dominantie theorie...............................................................................................................67
Belief congruence............................................................................................................................68
Seksisme..........................................................................................................................................68
Geslacht stereotypen....................................................................................................................69
Racisme...........................................................................................................................................69
Nieuw racisme.............................................................................................................................69
Racisme detecteren......................................................................................................................70
Leeftijdsdiscriminatie......................................................................................................................70
Discriminatie tegen seksuele minderheden......................................................................................71
, Discriminatie op basis van fysieke of mentale handicap..................................................................72
Stigma’s en andere effecten van vooroordelen................................................................................72
Stigma..........................................................................................................................................72
Zelfwaarde, zelfverzekerdheid en psychologische gezondheid....................................................72
Stereotypen bedreiging................................................................................................................73
Mislukking en nadeel...................................................................................................................73
Attributie meerduidigheid............................................................................................................73
Self-fulfilling prophecies.............................................................................................................74
Ontmenselijken, geweld en genocide...........................................................................................75
Relatieve deprivatie en sociale onrust..............................................................................................75
Relatieve deprivatie.....................................................................................................................77
Sociaal protest en collectieve acties.................................................................................................78
Realistisch conflict...........................................................................................................................79
Realistic conflict theory...............................................................................................................80
Samenwerking, competitie en sociale dilemma’s.............................................................................81
Prisoner’s dilemma......................................................................................................................81
Trucking game.............................................................................................................................81
Algemene dilemma......................................................................................................................82
Oplossen van sociale dilemma’s..................................................................................................82
Sociale identiteit..............................................................................................................................82
Minimale groepen........................................................................................................................82
Sociale identiteit en groepslidmaatschap......................................................................................83
Sociale categorisatie, prototypen en depersonalisatie......................................................................83
Sociale identiteit en intergroep relaties........................................................................................85
Collectief gedrag en de menigte.......................................................................................................86
Vroege theorieën..........................................................................................................................86
De-individuatie en zelfbewustzijn....................................................................................................86
Opkomende normen theorie.............................................................................................................87
Propaganda en educatie....................................................................................................................89
Intergroep contact............................................................................................................................89
Bovengeschikte doelen....................................................................................................................89
Gelijkheden..................................................................................................................................89
Contact beleid in multiculturele context......................................................................................90
Hoe ontstaat het, hoe blijft het bestaan en hoe lossen we het op (stereotypen, vooroordelen en
discriminatie).......................................................................................................................................90
Stereotypen......................................................................................................................................90
Gedrag en geslachtsrollen............................................................................................................90
Onderhouden van geslachtsstereotypen en rollen.........................................................................91
, Veranderingen in stereotypen..........................................................................................................92
Kunnen we stereotypen, vooroordelen en discriminatie ooit controleren.............................................93
Communicatie en onderhandelingen................................................................................................93
Onderhandelen.............................................................................................................................93
Bemiddeling.................................................................................................................................93
Arbitrage......................................................................................................................................93
Verzoening...................................................................................................................................93
Wat is de shooter bias..........................................................................................................................93
Lijst met definities...............................................................................................................................93
Waar komt agressie vandaan?............................................................................................................107
Typen agressie...............................................................................................................................107
Reactieve agressie en proactieve agressie..................................................................................107
Relationele agressie...................................................................................................................107
...................................................................................................................................................107
Definiëren van agressie..................................................................................................................107
Meten van agressie.........................................................................................................................107
Frustratie en agressie.....................................................................................................................108
Alcohol..........................................................................................................................................108
Disinhibitie, de-individualisatie en dehumanisering......................................................................108
Situationele variabelen...................................................................................................................110
Hitte (warmte)............................................................................................................................111
Crowding...................................................................................................................................111
Algemene agressie model..............................................................................................................112
Is agressie aangeboren of aangeleerd (nature/nurture).......................................................................112
Theoretische perspectieven............................................................................................................112
Biologische verklaringen...........................................................................................................112
Excitatie (geprikkeld) overdracht (road rage)................................................................................114
Agressie kan aangeleerd worden....................................................................................................115
Persoonlijkheid en individuele verschillen.....................................................................................115
Persoonlijkheid..........................................................................................................................115
Hormonen......................................................................................................................................115
Wat is de rol van media, sociale omgeving, politiek en cultuur in het veroorzaken van agressie (en
andere oorzaken)................................................................................................................................116
Agressie in onze gemeenschap.......................................................................................................116
Sociaal en biosociale verklaringen.................................................................................................116
Haatmisdrijven (hate crimes).........................................................................................................116
Gender en socialisatie....................................................................................................................117
Sport evenementen.........................................................................................................................117
, Sociale invloeden...........................................................................................................................118
Benadeelde groepen...................................................................................................................118
Criminaliteit en demografen......................................................................................................118
Subculturen van geweld.............................................................................................................119
Massa media..................................................................................................................................119
Cognitieve analyse.........................................................................................................................119
Verkrachtingsmythen, erotica en agressie......................................................................................120
Verkrachtingsmythen (rape myths)............................................................................................120
Erotica en agressie.....................................................................................................................120
Huiselijk geweld en partnergeweld................................................................................................120
Gender asymmetrie........................................................................................................................121
Hurting the ones we love...............................................................................................................121
Rol van de maatschappij................................................................................................................121
Rol van de staat..............................................................................................................................121
Rol van de persoon........................................................................................................................121
Werkt ventileren om agressie kwijt te raken? (Waarom en hoe)........................................................122
Catharsis (emotionele zuivering)...................................................................................................122
Educatie.........................................................................................................................................122
Leven verbeteren...........................................................................................................................122
Straffen..........................................................................................................................................122
Wat is een houding............................................................................................................................135
Houdingsstructuren........................................................................................................................135
Een component..........................................................................................................................135
Twee componenten....................................................................................................................135
Drie componenten......................................................................................................................135
Functie van een houding................................................................................................................136
Cognitieve consistentie (consistency)............................................................................................136
Balanstheorie.............................................................................................................................136
Cognitie en evaluatie.....................................................................................................................137
Wat is de relatie tussen je houding en gedrag....................................................................................138
Kunnen houdingen gedrag voorspellen..........................................................................................138
Overtuigingen, intenties en gedrag.............................................................................................138
Algemene houdingen.................................................................................................................139
Reasoned action.........................................................................................................................139
Gepland gedrag..........................................................................................................................140
Gezond gedrag promoten...........................................................................................................141
Houdingbeschikbaarheid................................................................................................................141
, Houdingssterkte en directe ervaring...............................................................................................142
Moderator variables.......................................................................................................................142
Situationele variables.................................................................................................................142
Hoe wordt een houding gevormd.......................................................................................................142
Keuzen maken en houdingen.........................................................................................................142
Vormen van houdingen..................................................................................................................143
Effecten van directe ervaring.....................................................................................................143
Klassieke conditionering............................................................................................................143
Instrumentele conditionering.....................................................................................................143
Observationeel leren..................................................................................................................143
Cognitieve ontwikkeling................................................................................................................144
Concepten gerelateerd aan houdingen............................................................................................144
Waarden (values).......................................................................................................................144
Ideologie....................................................................................................................................144
Sociale representatie..................................................................................................................146
Hoe kunnen we onze houding veranderen.........................................................................................146
Overtuigende communicatie..........................................................................................................146
De communicator.......................................................................................................................147
Het bericht.................................................................................................................................148
Publiek.......................................................................................................................................148
Andere variabelen......................................................................................................................149
Duaal-proces modellen van overtuigingen.....................................................................................149
Elaboration-likelihood model.....................................................................................................149
Heuristieken-systematisch model...............................................................................................149
Compliance....................................................................................................................................150
Tactieken voor het vergroten van compliance............................................................................150
Ingratiation.................................................................................................................................150
Meerdere verzoeken...................................................................................................................150
Actie onderzoek.........................................................................................................................151
Cognitieve dissonantie en houdingsverandering............................................................................152
Effort justification..........................................................................................................................152
Geïnduceerde medewerking...........................................................................................................154
Vrije keuze.....................................................................................................................................154
De rol van self................................................................................................................................154
Plaatsvervangende dissonantie.......................................................................................................155
Nieuwe blik op cognitieve dissonantie...........................................................................................156
Verdedigen tegen overtuigingen....................................................................................................156
Luc Kessen
i6276513
PSY jaar 1
,Inhoud
Wat zijn gedachtefouten en welke zijn er?...........................................................................................14
Stereotypen......................................................................................................................................14
Sociaal beoordelingsvermogen........................................................................................................14
Rumour and gossip..........................................................................................................................14
Conspiracy theories..........................................................................................................................14
Wat zijn de oorzaken van gedachtefouten?..........................................................................................14
Positiviteit en negativiteit................................................................................................................14
Uiterlijk............................................................................................................................................15
Stereotypen......................................................................................................................................15
Sociaal beoordelingsvermogen........................................................................................................15
Schema’s..........................................................................................................................................16
Personen schema’s.......................................................................................................................17
Rollen schema’s...........................................................................................................................17
Scripts..........................................................................................................................................17
Content-vrije schema’s................................................................................................................17
Zelf-schema’s..............................................................................................................................17
Categorieën en prototypen...............................................................................................................17
Accentuering principe......................................................................................................................17
Sociaal codering...............................................................................................................................17
Opvallendheid..............................................................................................................................18
Levendigheid...............................................................................................................................18
Toegankelijkheid.........................................................................................................................18
Geheugen van een mens...................................................................................................................19
Afwijkingen van het normaal.......................................................................................................19
Regressie......................................................................................................................................20
Base-rate informatie.....................................................................................................................20
Heuristieken.....................................................................................................................................20
Representatieve heuristics............................................................................................................20
Beschikbaarheid heuristics...........................................................................................................20
Verankeren en afstellen................................................................................................................20
Naïeve psycholoog...........................................................................................................................21
Correspondent-inference..................................................................................................................21
Outcome bias:.............................................................................................................................22
Non-common effects....................................................................................................................22
Hedonic relevance........................................................................................................................22
, Personalism..................................................................................................................................22
Mensen als alledaagse wetenschapper.............................................................................................22
Covaration model.........................................................................................................................22
Emoties verklaren............................................................................................................................24
Attributies voor ons eigen gedrag....................................................................................................24
Opdracht prestatie attributie.............................................................................................................24
Individuele verschillen en attributie stijlen......................................................................................25
Interpersoonlijke relaties..................................................................................................................25
Motivated tacticians.........................................................................................................................26
Corresponderende vooroordelen en de fundamenten van attributie fouten......................................26
Actor-observer effect.......................................................................................................................27
False consensus effect......................................................................................................................27
Self-serving bias..............................................................................................................................27
Rumour and gossip..........................................................................................................................28
Conspiracy theories..........................................................................................................................28
.........................................................................................................................................................28
Hoe kan je gedachtefouten voorkomen?..............................................................................................28
Wat is “Self”........................................................................................................................................41
Self en identiteit in historische context............................................................................................41
Psychodynamische “self”.................................................................................................................41
Individual versus collective “self”...................................................................................................42
Collective “self”...............................................................................................................................42
Symbolic interactionist “self”......................................................................................................42
Zelfbewustzijn.................................................................................................................................43
Zelfkennis........................................................................................................................................43
Zelfschema’s................................................................................................................................43
Regulatory focus theory..................................................................................................................44
Promotiesysteem..........................................................................................................................44
Preventiesysteem.........................................................................................................................44
Gevolgen van ons gedrag.................................................................................................................44
Veel “selves”, meerdere identiteiten................................................................................................45
Soorten zelf en identiteit..............................................................................................................45
Self-coherence.................................................................................................................................45
Zelfmotieven....................................................................................................................................45
Self-assessment en self-verificatie...............................................................................................46
Self-enhancement.........................................................................................................................46
Zelfpresentatie en impressie management.......................................................................................47
, Strategische zelfpresentatie..........................................................................................................47
Expressieve zelfpresentatie..........................................................................................................47
Wat is de sociale “self”........................................................................................................................47
Social identity theory.......................................................................................................................47
Persoonlijke identiteit en sociale identiteit.......................................................................................47
Proces van sociale identiteit opvallendheid......................................................................................47
Wat is zelfverzekerdheid (self-esteem)................................................................................................49
Zelfverzekerdheid............................................................................................................................49
Zelfverzekerdheid en sociale identiteit............................................................................................49
Individuele verschillen.....................................................................................................................49
Sociometer.......................................................................................................................................49
Nastreven van zelfverzekerdheid.....................................................................................................49
Angst voor de dood......................................................................................................................49
Waarom willen we ons zo goed mogelijk presenteren binnen een groep?...........................................50
Sociale vergelijking en zelfkennis...................................................................................................50
Wat zijn stereotypen, vooroordelen en discriminatie en wat zijn de verschillen..................................63
Nature and dimensions of prejudice.................................................................................................63
Vooroordelen houding en discriminationeel gedrag.........................................................................63
Doelwitten van discriminatie en vooroordelen.................................................................................63
Vormen van discriminatie................................................................................................................64
Terughoudendheid om te helpen..................................................................................................64
Tokenisme...................................................................................................................................64
Omgekeerde discriminatie...........................................................................................................64
Hoe worden stereotypen, vooroordelen en discriminatie veroorzaakt..................................................65
Frustratie-agressie............................................................................................................................65
Autoriteiten persoonlijkheid............................................................................................................66
Dogmatisme en close-minded..........................................................................................................67
Rechtse autoritarisme.......................................................................................................................67
Sociale dominantie theorie...............................................................................................................67
Belief congruence............................................................................................................................68
Seksisme..........................................................................................................................................68
Geslacht stereotypen....................................................................................................................69
Racisme...........................................................................................................................................69
Nieuw racisme.............................................................................................................................69
Racisme detecteren......................................................................................................................70
Leeftijdsdiscriminatie......................................................................................................................70
Discriminatie tegen seksuele minderheden......................................................................................71
, Discriminatie op basis van fysieke of mentale handicap..................................................................72
Stigma’s en andere effecten van vooroordelen................................................................................72
Stigma..........................................................................................................................................72
Zelfwaarde, zelfverzekerdheid en psychologische gezondheid....................................................72
Stereotypen bedreiging................................................................................................................73
Mislukking en nadeel...................................................................................................................73
Attributie meerduidigheid............................................................................................................73
Self-fulfilling prophecies.............................................................................................................74
Ontmenselijken, geweld en genocide...........................................................................................75
Relatieve deprivatie en sociale onrust..............................................................................................75
Relatieve deprivatie.....................................................................................................................77
Sociaal protest en collectieve acties.................................................................................................78
Realistisch conflict...........................................................................................................................79
Realistic conflict theory...............................................................................................................80
Samenwerking, competitie en sociale dilemma’s.............................................................................81
Prisoner’s dilemma......................................................................................................................81
Trucking game.............................................................................................................................81
Algemene dilemma......................................................................................................................82
Oplossen van sociale dilemma’s..................................................................................................82
Sociale identiteit..............................................................................................................................82
Minimale groepen........................................................................................................................82
Sociale identiteit en groepslidmaatschap......................................................................................83
Sociale categorisatie, prototypen en depersonalisatie......................................................................83
Sociale identiteit en intergroep relaties........................................................................................85
Collectief gedrag en de menigte.......................................................................................................86
Vroege theorieën..........................................................................................................................86
De-individuatie en zelfbewustzijn....................................................................................................86
Opkomende normen theorie.............................................................................................................87
Propaganda en educatie....................................................................................................................89
Intergroep contact............................................................................................................................89
Bovengeschikte doelen....................................................................................................................89
Gelijkheden..................................................................................................................................89
Contact beleid in multiculturele context......................................................................................90
Hoe ontstaat het, hoe blijft het bestaan en hoe lossen we het op (stereotypen, vooroordelen en
discriminatie).......................................................................................................................................90
Stereotypen......................................................................................................................................90
Gedrag en geslachtsrollen............................................................................................................90
Onderhouden van geslachtsstereotypen en rollen.........................................................................91
, Veranderingen in stereotypen..........................................................................................................92
Kunnen we stereotypen, vooroordelen en discriminatie ooit controleren.............................................93
Communicatie en onderhandelingen................................................................................................93
Onderhandelen.............................................................................................................................93
Bemiddeling.................................................................................................................................93
Arbitrage......................................................................................................................................93
Verzoening...................................................................................................................................93
Wat is de shooter bias..........................................................................................................................93
Lijst met definities...............................................................................................................................93
Waar komt agressie vandaan?............................................................................................................107
Typen agressie...............................................................................................................................107
Reactieve agressie en proactieve agressie..................................................................................107
Relationele agressie...................................................................................................................107
...................................................................................................................................................107
Definiëren van agressie..................................................................................................................107
Meten van agressie.........................................................................................................................107
Frustratie en agressie.....................................................................................................................108
Alcohol..........................................................................................................................................108
Disinhibitie, de-individualisatie en dehumanisering......................................................................108
Situationele variabelen...................................................................................................................110
Hitte (warmte)............................................................................................................................111
Crowding...................................................................................................................................111
Algemene agressie model..............................................................................................................112
Is agressie aangeboren of aangeleerd (nature/nurture).......................................................................112
Theoretische perspectieven............................................................................................................112
Biologische verklaringen...........................................................................................................112
Excitatie (geprikkeld) overdracht (road rage)................................................................................114
Agressie kan aangeleerd worden....................................................................................................115
Persoonlijkheid en individuele verschillen.....................................................................................115
Persoonlijkheid..........................................................................................................................115
Hormonen......................................................................................................................................115
Wat is de rol van media, sociale omgeving, politiek en cultuur in het veroorzaken van agressie (en
andere oorzaken)................................................................................................................................116
Agressie in onze gemeenschap.......................................................................................................116
Sociaal en biosociale verklaringen.................................................................................................116
Haatmisdrijven (hate crimes).........................................................................................................116
Gender en socialisatie....................................................................................................................117
Sport evenementen.........................................................................................................................117
, Sociale invloeden...........................................................................................................................118
Benadeelde groepen...................................................................................................................118
Criminaliteit en demografen......................................................................................................118
Subculturen van geweld.............................................................................................................119
Massa media..................................................................................................................................119
Cognitieve analyse.........................................................................................................................119
Verkrachtingsmythen, erotica en agressie......................................................................................120
Verkrachtingsmythen (rape myths)............................................................................................120
Erotica en agressie.....................................................................................................................120
Huiselijk geweld en partnergeweld................................................................................................120
Gender asymmetrie........................................................................................................................121
Hurting the ones we love...............................................................................................................121
Rol van de maatschappij................................................................................................................121
Rol van de staat..............................................................................................................................121
Rol van de persoon........................................................................................................................121
Werkt ventileren om agressie kwijt te raken? (Waarom en hoe)........................................................122
Catharsis (emotionele zuivering)...................................................................................................122
Educatie.........................................................................................................................................122
Leven verbeteren...........................................................................................................................122
Straffen..........................................................................................................................................122
Wat is een houding............................................................................................................................135
Houdingsstructuren........................................................................................................................135
Een component..........................................................................................................................135
Twee componenten....................................................................................................................135
Drie componenten......................................................................................................................135
Functie van een houding................................................................................................................136
Cognitieve consistentie (consistency)............................................................................................136
Balanstheorie.............................................................................................................................136
Cognitie en evaluatie.....................................................................................................................137
Wat is de relatie tussen je houding en gedrag....................................................................................138
Kunnen houdingen gedrag voorspellen..........................................................................................138
Overtuigingen, intenties en gedrag.............................................................................................138
Algemene houdingen.................................................................................................................139
Reasoned action.........................................................................................................................139
Gepland gedrag..........................................................................................................................140
Gezond gedrag promoten...........................................................................................................141
Houdingbeschikbaarheid................................................................................................................141
, Houdingssterkte en directe ervaring...............................................................................................142
Moderator variables.......................................................................................................................142
Situationele variables.................................................................................................................142
Hoe wordt een houding gevormd.......................................................................................................142
Keuzen maken en houdingen.........................................................................................................142
Vormen van houdingen..................................................................................................................143
Effecten van directe ervaring.....................................................................................................143
Klassieke conditionering............................................................................................................143
Instrumentele conditionering.....................................................................................................143
Observationeel leren..................................................................................................................143
Cognitieve ontwikkeling................................................................................................................144
Concepten gerelateerd aan houdingen............................................................................................144
Waarden (values).......................................................................................................................144
Ideologie....................................................................................................................................144
Sociale representatie..................................................................................................................146
Hoe kunnen we onze houding veranderen.........................................................................................146
Overtuigende communicatie..........................................................................................................146
De communicator.......................................................................................................................147
Het bericht.................................................................................................................................148
Publiek.......................................................................................................................................148
Andere variabelen......................................................................................................................149
Duaal-proces modellen van overtuigingen.....................................................................................149
Elaboration-likelihood model.....................................................................................................149
Heuristieken-systematisch model...............................................................................................149
Compliance....................................................................................................................................150
Tactieken voor het vergroten van compliance............................................................................150
Ingratiation.................................................................................................................................150
Meerdere verzoeken...................................................................................................................150
Actie onderzoek.........................................................................................................................151
Cognitieve dissonantie en houdingsverandering............................................................................152
Effort justification..........................................................................................................................152
Geïnduceerde medewerking...........................................................................................................154
Vrije keuze.....................................................................................................................................154
De rol van self................................................................................................................................154
Plaatsvervangende dissonantie.......................................................................................................155
Nieuwe blik op cognitieve dissonantie...........................................................................................156
Verdedigen tegen overtuigingen....................................................................................................156
