1. Slide 1- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
(a)Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. No nucleus 1. Nucleus present
2. 1 Chromosome 2. >1 Chromosomes
3. DNA not within nuclear membrane 3. DNA within nuclear membrane
4. DNA not associated with histones 4. DNA associated with histones
5. No mitosis 5. Mitotic division
6. Organelles not bound to membrane 6. Membrane bound organelles
7. Cell wall containing peptidoglycan 7. No peptidoglycan in cell wall
(b)Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Virus
Eukaryotes
Human cells
Fungi / parasite
(c)Prokaryotes have no nucleus and Eukaryotes does
(d)Cell membrane; cell wall; capsule
2. Slide 2- Structure of bacteria
(a) Essential components: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, cell wall
(b) Non-essential components: Capsule and Pilus
(c) Anti-microbial agents act on Cell wall (cell wall synthesis/ peptidoglycan)
(d) Vegetative cell- metabolically active cell
3. Slide 3- Morphology
(a) A-Bacillus; B-Streptococcus; C-Staphylococcus; D-Diplococcus; E-Spirochaete; F-Vibrio
(b) A-E.coli; B-Streptococcuspnuemoniae; C- Staphylococcusaureus; D- Neisseria meningitides; E-
Treponema pallidum; F- Vibrio cholerae.
, 4. Slide 4- Cell wall
(a)Gram positive cell wall and Gram negative cell wall
(b)Gram positive- deep purple and Gram negative-red/ pink
(c) Description of Gram positive and negative cells
Gram positive cell Gram negative cell
Thick peptidoglycan Thin peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids: Lipoproteins- porins
-Wall teichoic acid- attach to peptidoglycan Periplasmic space
&- lipoteichoic acid- attach to cell membrane Outer membrane
Fx: major surface antigen & act as adhesins Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin)
(d) Penicillin
5. Slide 6- Flagella
(a) Flagellin
(b) Serological specificity
(c) Virulence Factor
(d) Monotrichous- single polar flagellum; Lophitrichous- two or more polar flagella @one end;
Amphitrichous- one or more polar flagella @ both ends; Petritrichous- flagella covering the entire
surface
(e) Mortility
6. Slide 7- Capsule
(a) Polysaccharide
(b) –Protect bacterial cells from phagocytes
-Protect bacteria from dying or desiccation
-Reserves of carbohydrates
-Helps with adherence
(c) Streptococcus pneumonia&Neisseria meningitides
(a)Differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. No nucleus 1. Nucleus present
2. 1 Chromosome 2. >1 Chromosomes
3. DNA not within nuclear membrane 3. DNA within nuclear membrane
4. DNA not associated with histones 4. DNA associated with histones
5. No mitosis 5. Mitotic division
6. Organelles not bound to membrane 6. Membrane bound organelles
7. Cell wall containing peptidoglycan 7. No peptidoglycan in cell wall
(b)Prokaryotes
Bacteria
Virus
Eukaryotes
Human cells
Fungi / parasite
(c)Prokaryotes have no nucleus and Eukaryotes does
(d)Cell membrane; cell wall; capsule
2. Slide 2- Structure of bacteria
(a) Essential components: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, cell wall
(b) Non-essential components: Capsule and Pilus
(c) Anti-microbial agents act on Cell wall (cell wall synthesis/ peptidoglycan)
(d) Vegetative cell- metabolically active cell
3. Slide 3- Morphology
(a) A-Bacillus; B-Streptococcus; C-Staphylococcus; D-Diplococcus; E-Spirochaete; F-Vibrio
(b) A-E.coli; B-Streptococcuspnuemoniae; C- Staphylococcusaureus; D- Neisseria meningitides; E-
Treponema pallidum; F- Vibrio cholerae.
, 4. Slide 4- Cell wall
(a)Gram positive cell wall and Gram negative cell wall
(b)Gram positive- deep purple and Gram negative-red/ pink
(c) Description of Gram positive and negative cells
Gram positive cell Gram negative cell
Thick peptidoglycan Thin peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids: Lipoproteins- porins
-Wall teichoic acid- attach to peptidoglycan Periplasmic space
&- lipoteichoic acid- attach to cell membrane Outer membrane
Fx: major surface antigen & act as adhesins Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin)
(d) Penicillin
5. Slide 6- Flagella
(a) Flagellin
(b) Serological specificity
(c) Virulence Factor
(d) Monotrichous- single polar flagellum; Lophitrichous- two or more polar flagella @one end;
Amphitrichous- one or more polar flagella @ both ends; Petritrichous- flagella covering the entire
surface
(e) Mortility
6. Slide 7- Capsule
(a) Polysaccharide
(b) –Protect bacterial cells from phagocytes
-Protect bacteria from dying or desiccation
-Reserves of carbohydrates
-Helps with adherence
(c) Streptococcus pneumonia&Neisseria meningitides
