Polit en Beck
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study (or investigation)
studies involve various people working together in different roles
study with humans: they are the sample
→ those who do the research
→ those who provide the information
quantitative research
- the individuals are called subjects or study participants
- researcher/ investigator is person who conducts research
- PI is principal investigator (leader)
- feedback is given by reviewers
- the specific places where information is gathered are settings → naturalistic setting (in
the field or homes), laboratory setting (controlled studies in lab)
- concepts which is an abstraction
- data in numeric form
qualitative research → qualitative descriptive research (many qualitative studies,
anthropology, sociology and psychology)
- the individuals are called (key)informants
- researcher/ investigator is person who conducts research
- PI is principal investigator (leader)
- feedback is given by reviewers
- the specific places where information is gathered are settings → naturalistic setting (in
the field or homes) are favourite fieldwork for qualitative research
, - phenomena which is an abstraction
- data through conversation and open questions
Phenomena, concepts and constructs
constructed → abstractions that are deliberately and systematically invented
concept → an easier display of constructs
Theories and conceptual models
Theory → een systematische, abstracte uitleg van een bepaald aspect van de realiteit,
theorieën zorgen ervoor dat verschillende concepten samen komen
! the goal is to develop a theory that explains phenomena as they exist, not as they are
preconceived
conceptual models → het maken van voorspelling op basis van theorieën om te kijken of de
theorie juist is. (results are used to support, reject or modify the theory)
sensitizing frameworks → een hulp manier om bepaalde informatie te interpreteren of
verzamelen
Variables
something that varies (each varies from the other)
bijv: weight, anxiety, blood pressure
- heterogeneous een variabele die extreem varieert in een bepaalde groep →
heterogeneity or variability
- homogeneous bij een beperkt aantal variabelen binnen een groep
- continuous variables can assume an infinite number of values between two points
- discrete variable finite number of values between any two points, representing
discrete quantities
- categorical variables variables that take on a handful of discrete nonquantitative
values
- dichotomous variables only two discrete nonquantitative values
, - independent variables presumed cause
- dependent variables presumed effect
Conceptual and operational definitions
Conceptual definition
abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied.
5 different classes:
- as a human trait
- a moral imperative
- an affect
- an interpersonal relationship
- a therapeutic intervention
Operational definition
specifies the operations that researchers must perform to measure it (variables differ in the
ease with which they can be operationalized)
Relationship
a bond or connection between phenomena.
- quantitative terms → more than, less than and so on
● does a relationship between variables exist?
● what is the direction of the relationship between variables?
● how strong is the relationship between the variables?
● what is the nature of the relationship between variables
● cause-and-effect relationships → causes which have a direct effect
● functional relationship→ een effect dat iets veroorzaakt (andersom dus)
experimental research actively introduce an intervention or treatment (explicitly cause-
probing)
- clinical trial
nonexperimental research they collect data without intervening
- observational study
grounded theory (1960) by Glaser and Strauss
seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological processes that occur in a
social setting → developing social experience, the social and psychological stages and
phases that characterize a particular event or episode. the discovery of a core variable that
is central in explaining what is going on in that social scene. generate explanations of
phenomenology (concerned with the lived experiences of humans, an approach to thinking
what life experiences of people are like and what they mean). ethnography (a primary
research tradition within anthropology and provides framework for studying the lifeways and
experiences of a defined cultural group)
Hoofdstuk 3 1
Hoofdstuk 4 7
Hoofdstuk 5 11
Hoofdstuk 6 14
Hoofdstuk 14 16
Hoofdstuk 21 16
Hoofdstuk 24 17
Hoofdstuk 25 19
Hoofdstuk 3
study (or investigation)
studies involve various people working together in different roles
study with humans: they are the sample
→ those who do the research
→ those who provide the information
quantitative research
- the individuals are called subjects or study participants
- researcher/ investigator is person who conducts research
- PI is principal investigator (leader)
- feedback is given by reviewers
- the specific places where information is gathered are settings → naturalistic setting (in
the field or homes), laboratory setting (controlled studies in lab)
- concepts which is an abstraction
- data in numeric form
qualitative research → qualitative descriptive research (many qualitative studies,
anthropology, sociology and psychology)
- the individuals are called (key)informants
- researcher/ investigator is person who conducts research
- PI is principal investigator (leader)
- feedback is given by reviewers
- the specific places where information is gathered are settings → naturalistic setting (in
the field or homes) are favourite fieldwork for qualitative research
, - phenomena which is an abstraction
- data through conversation and open questions
Phenomena, concepts and constructs
constructed → abstractions that are deliberately and systematically invented
concept → an easier display of constructs
Theories and conceptual models
Theory → een systematische, abstracte uitleg van een bepaald aspect van de realiteit,
theorieën zorgen ervoor dat verschillende concepten samen komen
! the goal is to develop a theory that explains phenomena as they exist, not as they are
preconceived
conceptual models → het maken van voorspelling op basis van theorieën om te kijken of de
theorie juist is. (results are used to support, reject or modify the theory)
sensitizing frameworks → een hulp manier om bepaalde informatie te interpreteren of
verzamelen
Variables
something that varies (each varies from the other)
bijv: weight, anxiety, blood pressure
- heterogeneous een variabele die extreem varieert in een bepaalde groep →
heterogeneity or variability
- homogeneous bij een beperkt aantal variabelen binnen een groep
- continuous variables can assume an infinite number of values between two points
- discrete variable finite number of values between any two points, representing
discrete quantities
- categorical variables variables that take on a handful of discrete nonquantitative
values
- dichotomous variables only two discrete nonquantitative values
, - independent variables presumed cause
- dependent variables presumed effect
Conceptual and operational definitions
Conceptual definition
abstract or theoretical meaning of the concepts being studied.
5 different classes:
- as a human trait
- a moral imperative
- an affect
- an interpersonal relationship
- a therapeutic intervention
Operational definition
specifies the operations that researchers must perform to measure it (variables differ in the
ease with which they can be operationalized)
Relationship
a bond or connection between phenomena.
- quantitative terms → more than, less than and so on
● does a relationship between variables exist?
● what is the direction of the relationship between variables?
● how strong is the relationship between the variables?
● what is the nature of the relationship between variables
● cause-and-effect relationships → causes which have a direct effect
● functional relationship→ een effect dat iets veroorzaakt (andersom dus)
experimental research actively introduce an intervention or treatment (explicitly cause-
probing)
- clinical trial
nonexperimental research they collect data without intervening
- observational study
grounded theory (1960) by Glaser and Strauss
seeks to describe and understand the key social psychological processes that occur in a
social setting → developing social experience, the social and psychological stages and
phases that characterize a particular event or episode. the discovery of a core variable that
is central in explaining what is going on in that social scene. generate explanations of
phenomenology (concerned with the lived experiences of humans, an approach to thinking
what life experiences of people are like and what they mean). ethnography (a primary
research tradition within anthropology and provides framework for studying the lifeways and
experiences of a defined cultural group)
