CALT Exam REVIEW 2026/2027 MOST RECENT
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
• Segmental -✓✓ Aspect of Language
(phonemes - vowels & consonants)
• Phonoligical Awareness -✓✓ The knowledge of and sensitivity to the sound structure
of language (umbrella term)
It includes: rhyming, segmentation activities, and manipulation activities
Segmentation Activities - segmenting sentences into words, segmenting compound
words into syllables, segmenting words into syllables, identifying initial and final sounds,
and segmenting syllables into phonemes
Manipulation Activities - omitting syllables, omitting sounds in words, and changing
sounds into words
• Dysarthria -✓✓ A disorder in the nervous system which hinders control over the
tongue, throat, lips, or lungs
Neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary
for coordinating movements of speech production (slurred speech, difficulty with
articulation)
• Dyspraxia -✓✓ Sensorimotor disruption in which the motor signals to the muscles,
such as those necessary for speech production, are not consistently or efficiently
received
Difficulty getting the body to do what you want it to
Difficulty planning and coordinating body movement
Difficulty coordinating facial muscles to produce sounds
(a person is born with dyspraxia)
• Phonemic Awareness -✓✓ Awareness of the smallest units of speech (phonemes) and
the ability to isolate or manipulate the individual phonemes in words
• Phonetics -✓✓ The study of linguistic speech sounds and how they are produced and
perceived
, • Alphabetic Principle -✓✓ The concept that letters on a page represent or map onto the
sounds in spoken words
• Alphabetic Language -✓✓ A language, such as English, in which letters are used
systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes
• Logographic Writing System -✓✓ A system in which pictures represent the words of a
language, such as Chinese
If English was treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 700,000
symbols
• Grapheme -✓✓ A written letter or letter cluster representing a single speech sound
Ex: i, igh
• Phonics -✓✓ An approach to teaching reading and spelling that emphasizes sound-
symbol relationships
Sound + Letters
• Euphony -✓✓ Words formed or combined as to please the ear
The tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation
• 6 Kinds of Syllables -✓✓ Open
Closed
Vowel - Consonant - e
Final Stable Syllable
Vowel Pair
Vowel - r
• Naughty i -✓✓ The vowel i is naughty when it is before a final stable syllable in a
words with three or more syllables
It will be short and coded with a breve
Ex: Tra di [tion
• Base Word -✓✓ The simplest form of any English word to which affixes may be added
A base word is always a complete English word when it stands alone
• Strephosymbolia (1925) -✓✓ (Twisted Symbols)
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
• Segmental -✓✓ Aspect of Language
(phonemes - vowels & consonants)
• Phonoligical Awareness -✓✓ The knowledge of and sensitivity to the sound structure
of language (umbrella term)
It includes: rhyming, segmentation activities, and manipulation activities
Segmentation Activities - segmenting sentences into words, segmenting compound
words into syllables, segmenting words into syllables, identifying initial and final sounds,
and segmenting syllables into phonemes
Manipulation Activities - omitting syllables, omitting sounds in words, and changing
sounds into words
• Dysarthria -✓✓ A disorder in the nervous system which hinders control over the
tongue, throat, lips, or lungs
Neurological oral-motor dysfunction including weakness of the musculature necessary
for coordinating movements of speech production (slurred speech, difficulty with
articulation)
• Dyspraxia -✓✓ Sensorimotor disruption in which the motor signals to the muscles,
such as those necessary for speech production, are not consistently or efficiently
received
Difficulty getting the body to do what you want it to
Difficulty planning and coordinating body movement
Difficulty coordinating facial muscles to produce sounds
(a person is born with dyspraxia)
• Phonemic Awareness -✓✓ Awareness of the smallest units of speech (phonemes) and
the ability to isolate or manipulate the individual phonemes in words
• Phonetics -✓✓ The study of linguistic speech sounds and how they are produced and
perceived
, • Alphabetic Principle -✓✓ The concept that letters on a page represent or map onto the
sounds in spoken words
• Alphabetic Language -✓✓ A language, such as English, in which letters are used
systematically to represent speech sounds or phonemes
• Logographic Writing System -✓✓ A system in which pictures represent the words of a
language, such as Chinese
If English was treated as a logographic writing system, it would contain over 700,000
symbols
• Grapheme -✓✓ A written letter or letter cluster representing a single speech sound
Ex: i, igh
• Phonics -✓✓ An approach to teaching reading and spelling that emphasizes sound-
symbol relationships
Sound + Letters
• Euphony -✓✓ Words formed or combined as to please the ear
The tendency to make phonetic change for ease of pronunciation
• 6 Kinds of Syllables -✓✓ Open
Closed
Vowel - Consonant - e
Final Stable Syllable
Vowel Pair
Vowel - r
• Naughty i -✓✓ The vowel i is naughty when it is before a final stable syllable in a
words with three or more syllables
It will be short and coded with a breve
Ex: Tra di [tion
• Base Word -✓✓ The simplest form of any English word to which affixes may be added
A base word is always a complete English word when it stands alone
• Strephosymbolia (1925) -✓✓ (Twisted Symbols)
