CALT Exam 2026/2027 COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW AND DETAILED EXPLANATIONS
• In addition to phonological processing, which of the following is an essential
component of an effective evaluation for dyslexia?
A. Intelligence
B. Visual processing
C. Math skills
D. Spelling -✓✓ D. Spelling
Spelling is an essential component and a dyslexia related area of difficulty.
• The component of phonological processing that includes the skills of word retrieval
from long-term memory and word recoding and has a strong impact on reading fluency
is phonological ________.
A. Memory
B. Awareness
C. Naming
D. Sensitivity -✓✓ C. Naming
Rapid automatic naming is important for the development of reading fluency and affects
reading comprehension.
• Which subtype of executive function that includes the capabilities of processing,
storage, and retrieval impacts the decoding difficulty seen with dyslexia?
A. Metacognition
B. Working memory
C. Inhibitory control
D. Cognitive flexibility -✓✓ B. Working memory
Working memory is the process of holding on to (e.g. short term memory) and
manipulating information.
• Decoding and encoding refer to:
A. The communication of ideas, thoughts, and information
B. Learning what can be concluded or inferred from particulars
C. Applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning
D. The study of meaningful units of language -✓✓ C. Applying the skills of analytic and
synthetic learning
,• Rapid letter naming is the key to:
A. Automatic word recognition
B. Predicting phonemic awareness
C. Successful spelling strategies
D. Reading with speed and accuracy -✓✓ A. Automatic word recognition
• Effective handwriting instruction includes teaching:
A. Segmenting and blending words
B. Name and sound of each letter
C. Decoding and encoding words
D. Correct pencil grip and formation of each letter -✓✓ D. Correct pencil grip and
formation of each letter
• The Conners' Rating Scales are used to measure:
A. Pervasive Developmental Disorder
B. Word attack skills
C. ADHD
D. Reading readiness skills -✓✓ C. ADHD
• A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or
alternative instruction is known as:
A. Informal screening
B. Curriculum referenced testing
C. Norm-referenced testing
D. Teaching observation -✓✓ A. Informal screening
• Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured learning program is essential
to ensure which of the following?
A. Visual recognition
B. Auditory recall
C. Automaticity
D. Kinesthetic memory -✓✓ C. Automaticity
• Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of:
A. Decodable text
B. Linguistic programs
C. An MSL program
D. All of the above -✓✓ All of the above
, • Which prominent name(s) is/are closely associated with reach on phonological
awareness?
A. Marie Montessori
B. Marie Clay
C. Isabelle Liberman
D. All of the above -✓✓ C. Isabelle Liberman
• An Individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability
does not include:
A. A prescription for a specific intervention
B. Goals to address the student's needs
C. Parent participation in remediation efforts
D. A description of instructional processes to be used with the student -✓✓ C. Parent
participation in remediation efforts
• The study of the sound structure of spoken words within a single language. -✓✓
Phonology
• The smallest unit of sounds contrast that create words with different meanings. -✓✓
Phonemes
• -Not the same thing as phonemic awareness
-Requires mapping of phonemes to their spellings and mappings of spellings to their
pronunciation.
-Involves the use of grapheme-phoneme associations to read and spell familiar and
unfamiliar words -✓✓ Phonics
• Unit of speech consisting of one vowel phoneme with or without surrounding
consonant phonemes. -✓✓ Syllable
• How many syllable types are there? -✓✓ 6
• The study of the sequence and structures of meaningful elements (morphemes) in
words. -✓✓ Morphology
• Smallest meaningful unit of language - a linguistic entity that can be a whole word, part
of a word or a single phoneme. -✓✓ Morpheme
• The (3) different types of morphemes are: -✓✓ 1. Prefixes
2. Base elements
3. Suffixes
REVIEW AND DETAILED EXPLANATIONS
• In addition to phonological processing, which of the following is an essential
component of an effective evaluation for dyslexia?
A. Intelligence
B. Visual processing
C. Math skills
D. Spelling -✓✓ D. Spelling
Spelling is an essential component and a dyslexia related area of difficulty.
• The component of phonological processing that includes the skills of word retrieval
from long-term memory and word recoding and has a strong impact on reading fluency
is phonological ________.
A. Memory
B. Awareness
C. Naming
D. Sensitivity -✓✓ C. Naming
Rapid automatic naming is important for the development of reading fluency and affects
reading comprehension.
• Which subtype of executive function that includes the capabilities of processing,
storage, and retrieval impacts the decoding difficulty seen with dyslexia?
A. Metacognition
B. Working memory
C. Inhibitory control
D. Cognitive flexibility -✓✓ B. Working memory
Working memory is the process of holding on to (e.g. short term memory) and
manipulating information.
• Decoding and encoding refer to:
A. The communication of ideas, thoughts, and information
B. Learning what can be concluded or inferred from particulars
C. Applying the skills of analytic and synthetic learning
D. The study of meaningful units of language -✓✓ C. Applying the skills of analytic and
synthetic learning
,• Rapid letter naming is the key to:
A. Automatic word recognition
B. Predicting phonemic awareness
C. Successful spelling strategies
D. Reading with speed and accuracy -✓✓ A. Automatic word recognition
• Effective handwriting instruction includes teaching:
A. Segmenting and blending words
B. Name and sound of each letter
C. Decoding and encoding words
D. Correct pencil grip and formation of each letter -✓✓ D. Correct pencil grip and
formation of each letter
• The Conners' Rating Scales are used to measure:
A. Pervasive Developmental Disorder
B. Word attack skills
C. ADHD
D. Reading readiness skills -✓✓ C. ADHD
• A brief assessment that identifies students who may need additional testing or
alternative instruction is known as:
A. Informal screening
B. Curriculum referenced testing
C. Norm-referenced testing
D. Teaching observation -✓✓ A. Informal screening
• Repeating prior information in a multisensory structured learning program is essential
to ensure which of the following?
A. Visual recognition
B. Auditory recall
C. Automaticity
D. Kinesthetic memory -✓✓ C. Automaticity
• Controlled reading and spelling vocabulary are characteristics of:
A. Decodable text
B. Linguistic programs
C. An MSL program
D. All of the above -✓✓ All of the above
, • Which prominent name(s) is/are closely associated with reach on phonological
awareness?
A. Marie Montessori
B. Marie Clay
C. Isabelle Liberman
D. All of the above -✓✓ C. Isabelle Liberman
• An Individual Education Plan (IEP) for a student identified with a learning disability
does not include:
A. A prescription for a specific intervention
B. Goals to address the student's needs
C. Parent participation in remediation efforts
D. A description of instructional processes to be used with the student -✓✓ C. Parent
participation in remediation efforts
• The study of the sound structure of spoken words within a single language. -✓✓
Phonology
• The smallest unit of sounds contrast that create words with different meanings. -✓✓
Phonemes
• -Not the same thing as phonemic awareness
-Requires mapping of phonemes to their spellings and mappings of spellings to their
pronunciation.
-Involves the use of grapheme-phoneme associations to read and spell familiar and
unfamiliar words -✓✓ Phonics
• Unit of speech consisting of one vowel phoneme with or without surrounding
consonant phonemes. -✓✓ Syllable
• How many syllable types are there? -✓✓ 6
• The study of the sequence and structures of meaningful elements (morphemes) in
words. -✓✓ Morphology
• Smallest meaningful unit of language - a linguistic entity that can be a whole word, part
of a word or a single phoneme. -✓✓ Morpheme
• The (3) different types of morphemes are: -✓✓ 1. Prefixes
2. Base elements
3. Suffixes
