Biol 235 midterm 2 exams complete Chapter 11
1.Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in the production of body movements. Usually when a muscle contracts one bone remains stationary since the muscle reinforces the bone or the structure doesn’t allow it to move. The other bone at the articulating joint moves from the contraction.1.Origin: the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone (usually proximal)2.Insertion: is the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone (usually distal)3.belly (body): is the portion between the tendons of the origin and insertion4.Actions: the main movements when the muscle contracts.5.reverse muscle action: during specific movements of the body the actions are reversed; therefore, the positions of the origin and insertion of a specific muscle are switched.1.lever system and leverage (fulcrum, effort, load/resistance): lever : this is a rigid structure that can move around a fixed point. Fulcrum: is the fixed point and is symbolized by an F within a green triangle. Effort: is what causes the movement. the force exerted by muscular contraction Load/resistance: which opposes the movement, typically the weight of the body part that is moved or some resistance that the body part is trying to overcome. It is symbolized by an L within a blue triangle.2.mechanical advantage: when the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum, then only a relatively small effort is required to move a large load over a small distance.3.mechanical disadvantage: the load is farther from the fulcrum and the effort is applied closer to the fulcrum, then a relatively large effort is required to move a small load4.first-class levers: the fulcrum is between the effort and the load. An example outside the body would be a seesaw. This type of lever can produce either a mechanical disadvantage or a mechanical advantage. In the human body, an example is the atlanto-occipital joint where the anterior portion of the head is the load and fulcrum is the joint. E is produced by the neck muscles when the head is raised.5.second-class levers: the load is between the fulcrum and the effort, and always produce amechanical advantage because the load is always closer to the fulcrum and in this type of lever there ’s little speed and range of motion. In the human body, standing on your toes is an example, the ball of your foot is the fulcrum, the load is the weight of your body and the effort is produced by your calf muscles, which raise the heel off the ground.6.third-class levers: The effort is between the fulcrum and the load, this is the most common type of lever. This is always at a mechanical disadvantage since the effort is closer to the fulcrum than the load. This type of lever favors speed and range of motion in the body.B.Describe how the prime mover, antagonist, synergist and fixator in a muscle group work together to produce movements.I.prime mover or agonist: contracts to cause an actionII.Antagonist: while the prime mover is contracting this muscle stretchesIII.Synergist: prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints or to otherwise aid the movement of the prime mover, these muscles contract and stabilize the intermediate joints. Are usually locatednear primary movers.IV.Fixator: stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently.These muscles steady the proximal end of the limb while movements occur at the distal end.V.Compartment: is a group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves, all of which have a common function. B.Understand the characteristics used in the naming of skeletal muscles (do not memorize examples).
C.List the names, locations and actions of principal skeletal muscles (from Exhibits 11.A to 11.T, only themuscles listed in Objective 5 below ).D.List the origins and insertions of several specific skeletal muscles (only the muscles listed belowmarked with an asterisk).Note: For each of the following muscles, learn the name, location (e.g.,anterior thigh) and action. For muscles marked with an asterisk, learn the origin and insertion, as well.I.Occipitofrontalis1.frontal belly:1.Action: Draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin offorehead horizontally as in look of surprise.2.occipital belly:1.Action: Draws scalp posteriorly.II.orbicularis oris 1.Action: Closes and protrudes lips, as in kissing; compresses lips against teeth; and shapeslips during speechII.zygomaticus major1.action:Draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling.II.Buccinator1.Action: Presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing, and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication (chewing) by keeping food between the teeth (and not between teeth and cheekII.orbicularis oculi1.Action: closes eyeII.*masseter1.Action: Elevates mandible, as in closing mouth2.Origin: Maxilla and zygomatic arch.3.Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible.II.*temporalis1.Action: Elevates and retracts mandible2.Origin: Temporal bone.3.Insertion: Coronoid process and ramus of mandibleII.*sternocleidomastoid1.Action: Acting together (bilaterally), flex cervical portion of vertebral column, extend head at atlanto-occipital joints; acting singly (unilaterally), laterally flex neck and head tosame side and rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle. Laterally rotate and flex head to opposite side of contracting muscle. Posterior fibers of muscle can assist in extension of head. RMA: Elevate sternum during forced inhalation.2.Origin: Sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle.3.Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital boneII.*rectus abdominis1.Action: Flexes vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and compresses abdomen toaid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth. RMA: Flexes pelvis onthe vertebral column.2.Origin: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis.3.Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 5–7 and xiphoid process.II.external oblique1.Action: Acting together (bilaterally), compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly (unilaterally), laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column.II.internal oblique1.Action: Acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral columnII.transversus abdominis1.Action: Compresses abdomen.II.Diaphragm1.Action: Contraction of diaphragm causes it to flatten and increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation; relaxation of diaphragm causes it to move superiorly and decreases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalationII.external intercostal1.Action: Contraction elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation; relaxation depresses ribs and decreases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalation.II.internal intercostal1.Action: Contraction draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity during forced exhalation.II.pectoralis minor1.Action: Abducts scapula and rotates it downward. RMA: Elevates ribs 3–5 during forcedinhalation when scapula is fixed.II.*trapezius1.Action: Superior fibers upward rotate scapula; middle fibers adduct scapula;inferior fibers depress and upward rotate scapula; superior and inferior fiberstogether rotate scapula upward; stabilizes scapula. RMA: Superior fibers can helpextend head.2.Origin: Superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7–T12.3.Insertion: Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapulaII.*levator scapulae1.Action: Elevates scapula and rotates it downward2.Origin: Transverse processes of C1–C4.3.Insertion: Superior vertebral border of scapula.II.rhomboid major1.Action: Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapulaII.*pectoralis major 1.Action: As a whole, adducts and medially rotates arm at joint; clavicular head flexes arm, and sternocostal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk.2.Origin: Clavicle (clavicular head), sternum, and costal cartilages of ribs 2–6 andsometimes ribs 1–7 (sternocostal head).3.Insertion: Greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.II.latissimus dorsi1.Action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly. RMA: Elevates vertebral column and torsoII.*deltoid1.Action: Lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Acromial extremity of clavicle (anterior fibers), acromion of scapula (lateralfibers), and spine of scapula (posterior fibers).3.Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus.II.Subscapularis1.Action: Medially rotates arm at shoulder joint.II.*supraspinatus1.Action: Assists deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula.3.Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.II.Infraspinatus1.Action: Laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint.II.teres major1.Action: Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of armat shoulder jointII.teres minor1.Action: Laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint.II.*biceps brachii1.Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joints, and flexes arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula (supraglenoidtubercle). Short head originates from coracoid process of scapula.3.Insertion: Radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosisII.Brachialis1.Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint.II.Brachioradialis1.Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint; supinates and pronates forearm at radioulnar joints to neutral position.II.*triceps brachii1.Action: Extends forearm at elbow joint and extends arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Long head originates from infraglenoid tubercle, a projection inferior toglenoid cavity of scapula. Lateral head originates from lateral and posterior surface ofhumerus. Medial head originates from entire posterior surface of humerus inferior to agroove for the radial nerve.3.Insertion: Olecranon of ulna.II.pronator teres1.Action: Pronates forearm at radioulnar joints and weakly flexes forearm at elbow joint.II.Supinator1.Action: Supinates forearm at radioulnar joints.II.*flexor carpi radialis1.Action: Flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint.2.Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus.3.Insertion: Metacarpals II and IIII.palmaris longus1.Action: Weakly flexes hand at wrist joint.II.*flexor carpi ulnaris1.Action: Flexes and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at wrist joint.2.Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna.3.Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpalII.*flexor digitorum superficialis1.Action: Flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint.2.Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateralmargin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius3.insertion:Middle phalanx of each finger.II.extensor carpi radialis longus1.Action: Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint (ulnar deviation).II.*extensor digitorum
1.Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in the production of body movements. Usually when a muscle contracts one bone remains stationary since the muscle reinforces the bone or the structure doesn’t allow it to move. The other bone at the articulating joint moves from the contraction.1.Origin: the attachment of a muscle’s tendon to the stationary bone (usually proximal)2.Insertion: is the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone (usually distal)3.belly (body): is the portion between the tendons of the origin and insertion4.Actions: the main movements when the muscle contracts.5.reverse muscle action: during specific movements of the body the actions are reversed; therefore, the positions of the origin and insertion of a specific muscle are switched.1.lever system and leverage (fulcrum, effort, load/resistance): lever : this is a rigid structure that can move around a fixed point. Fulcrum: is the fixed point and is symbolized by an F within a green triangle. Effort: is what causes the movement. the force exerted by muscular contraction Load/resistance: which opposes the movement, typically the weight of the body part that is moved or some resistance that the body part is trying to overcome. It is symbolized by an L within a blue triangle.2.mechanical advantage: when the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum, then only a relatively small effort is required to move a large load over a small distance.3.mechanical disadvantage: the load is farther from the fulcrum and the effort is applied closer to the fulcrum, then a relatively large effort is required to move a small load4.first-class levers: the fulcrum is between the effort and the load. An example outside the body would be a seesaw. This type of lever can produce either a mechanical disadvantage or a mechanical advantage. In the human body, an example is the atlanto-occipital joint where the anterior portion of the head is the load and fulcrum is the joint. E is produced by the neck muscles when the head is raised.5.second-class levers: the load is between the fulcrum and the effort, and always produce amechanical advantage because the load is always closer to the fulcrum and in this type of lever there ’s little speed and range of motion. In the human body, standing on your toes is an example, the ball of your foot is the fulcrum, the load is the weight of your body and the effort is produced by your calf muscles, which raise the heel off the ground.6.third-class levers: The effort is between the fulcrum and the load, this is the most common type of lever. This is always at a mechanical disadvantage since the effort is closer to the fulcrum than the load. This type of lever favors speed and range of motion in the body.B.Describe how the prime mover, antagonist, synergist and fixator in a muscle group work together to produce movements.I.prime mover or agonist: contracts to cause an actionII.Antagonist: while the prime mover is contracting this muscle stretchesIII.Synergist: prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints or to otherwise aid the movement of the prime mover, these muscles contract and stabilize the intermediate joints. Are usually locatednear primary movers.IV.Fixator: stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently.These muscles steady the proximal end of the limb while movements occur at the distal end.V.Compartment: is a group of skeletal muscles, their associated blood vessels, and associated nerves, all of which have a common function. B.Understand the characteristics used in the naming of skeletal muscles (do not memorize examples).
C.List the names, locations and actions of principal skeletal muscles (from Exhibits 11.A to 11.T, only themuscles listed in Objective 5 below ).D.List the origins and insertions of several specific skeletal muscles (only the muscles listed belowmarked with an asterisk).Note: For each of the following muscles, learn the name, location (e.g.,anterior thigh) and action. For muscles marked with an asterisk, learn the origin and insertion, as well.I.Occipitofrontalis1.frontal belly:1.Action: Draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, and wrinkles skin offorehead horizontally as in look of surprise.2.occipital belly:1.Action: Draws scalp posteriorly.II.orbicularis oris 1.Action: Closes and protrudes lips, as in kissing; compresses lips against teeth; and shapeslips during speechII.zygomaticus major1.action:Draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling.II.Buccinator1.Action: Presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing, and sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; and assists in mastication (chewing) by keeping food between the teeth (and not between teeth and cheekII.orbicularis oculi1.Action: closes eyeII.*masseter1.Action: Elevates mandible, as in closing mouth2.Origin: Maxilla and zygomatic arch.3.Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible.II.*temporalis1.Action: Elevates and retracts mandible2.Origin: Temporal bone.3.Insertion: Coronoid process and ramus of mandibleII.*sternocleidomastoid1.Action: Acting together (bilaterally), flex cervical portion of vertebral column, extend head at atlanto-occipital joints; acting singly (unilaterally), laterally flex neck and head tosame side and rotate head to side opposite contracting muscle. Laterally rotate and flex head to opposite side of contracting muscle. Posterior fibers of muscle can assist in extension of head. RMA: Elevate sternum during forced inhalation.2.Origin: Sternal head: manubrium of sternum; clavicular head: medial third of clavicle.3.Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchal line of occipital boneII.*rectus abdominis1.Action: Flexes vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and compresses abdomen toaid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth. RMA: Flexes pelvis onthe vertebral column.2.Origin: Pubic crest and pubic symphysis.3.Insertion: Cartilage of ribs 5–7 and xiphoid process.II.external oblique1.Action: Acting together (bilaterally), compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly (unilaterally), laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column.II.internal oblique1.Action: Acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral columnII.transversus abdominis1.Action: Compresses abdomen.II.Diaphragm1.Action: Contraction of diaphragm causes it to flatten and increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation; relaxation of diaphragm causes it to move superiorly and decreases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalationII.external intercostal1.Action: Contraction elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation; relaxation depresses ribs and decreases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in exhalation.II.internal intercostal1.Action: Contraction draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity during forced exhalation.II.pectoralis minor1.Action: Abducts scapula and rotates it downward. RMA: Elevates ribs 3–5 during forcedinhalation when scapula is fixed.II.*trapezius1.Action: Superior fibers upward rotate scapula; middle fibers adduct scapula;inferior fibers depress and upward rotate scapula; superior and inferior fiberstogether rotate scapula upward; stabilizes scapula. RMA: Superior fibers can helpextend head.2.Origin: Superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spines of C7–T12.3.Insertion: Clavicle and acromion and spine of scapulaII.*levator scapulae1.Action: Elevates scapula and rotates it downward2.Origin: Transverse processes of C1–C4.3.Insertion: Superior vertebral border of scapula.II.rhomboid major1.Action: Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapulaII.*pectoralis major 1.Action: As a whole, adducts and medially rotates arm at joint; clavicular head flexes arm, and sternocostal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk.2.Origin: Clavicle (clavicular head), sternum, and costal cartilages of ribs 2–6 andsometimes ribs 1–7 (sternocostal head).3.Insertion: Greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.II.latissimus dorsi1.Action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly. RMA: Elevates vertebral column and torsoII.*deltoid1.Action: Lateral fibers abduct arm at shoulder joint; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm at shoulder joint; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Acromial extremity of clavicle (anterior fibers), acromion of scapula (lateralfibers), and spine of scapula (posterior fibers).3.Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus.II.Subscapularis1.Action: Medially rotates arm at shoulder joint.II.*supraspinatus1.Action: Assists deltoid muscle in abducting arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula.3.Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.II.Infraspinatus1.Action: Laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint.II.teres major1.Action: Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in adduction and medial rotation of armat shoulder jointII.teres minor1.Action: Laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint.II.*biceps brachii1.Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint, supinates forearm at radioulnar joints, and flexes arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula (supraglenoidtubercle). Short head originates from coracoid process of scapula.3.Insertion: Radial tuberosity of radius and bicipital aponeurosisII.Brachialis1.Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint.II.Brachioradialis1.Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint; supinates and pronates forearm at radioulnar joints to neutral position.II.*triceps brachii1.Action: Extends forearm at elbow joint and extends arm at shoulder joint.2.Origin: Long head originates from infraglenoid tubercle, a projection inferior toglenoid cavity of scapula. Lateral head originates from lateral and posterior surface ofhumerus. Medial head originates from entire posterior surface of humerus inferior to agroove for the radial nerve.3.Insertion: Olecranon of ulna.II.pronator teres1.Action: Pronates forearm at radioulnar joints and weakly flexes forearm at elbow joint.II.Supinator1.Action: Supinates forearm at radioulnar joints.II.*flexor carpi radialis1.Action: Flexes and abducts hand (radial deviation) at wrist joint.2.Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus.3.Insertion: Metacarpals II and IIII.palmaris longus1.Action: Weakly flexes hand at wrist joint.II.*flexor carpi ulnaris1.Action: Flexes and adducts hand (ulnar deviation) at wrist joint.2.Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and superior posterior border of ulna.3.Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and base of metacarpalII.*flexor digitorum superficialis1.Action: Flexes middle phalanx of each finger at proximal interphalangeal joint, proximal phalanx of each finger at metacarpophalangeal joint, and hand at wrist joint.2.Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, and ridge along lateralmargin or anterior surface (anterior oblique line) of radius3.insertion:Middle phalanx of each finger.II.extensor carpi radialis longus1.Action: Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint (ulnar deviation).II.*extensor digitorum
