CRJS 360 Final Exam Prep Unit 2 || with Certified Answers.
Genetic explanation of crime. correct answers The gene-crime link is most likely not a direct
conduit but rather a function of the mediational effects of inherited characteristics that predispose
an individual to antisocial behaviour (e.g., lower intelligence, impulsivity, Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder). It is clear that there is a genetic link, but we don't know what genes are
involved.
Neurochemistry's influence on crime. correct answers A number of studies have explored
whether or not certain types of hormones (e.g., testosterone) and neurotransmitters (e.g.,
serotonin) are linked to criminal behaviour.
Four hormones that are thought to effect criminal behaviour. correct answers Testosterone,
serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
Psychophysiology theory. correct answers Uses physiology to explain psychological constructs.
Gray's arousal model. correct answers Personality, learning, motivation, and emotional responses
are largely governed by two underlying biological systems of autonomic arousal: the behavioural
activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS).
General evolutionary theory of crime. correct answers Recurring conflict (over resources, mates,
or offspring, for example) drove the selection pressures that shaped evolutionary adaptations,
manifesting in a wide range of antisocial behaviours including violence (rape, homicide) and
non-violent offences (sexual harassment, theft)
Life history theory. correct answers Used to explain risk-taking and antisocial behaviour among
two prominent offender groups: the life-course persistent offender and the adolescent limited
offender.
3 "trade-offs" in life history theory. correct answers (1) present vs. future reproduction efforts.
(2) quantity vs. quality of offspring.
, (3) mating effort vs. parental investment.
Life course persistent offenders. correct answers Begin committing various serious, antisocial
acts prior to adolescence and continue well into adulthood.
Adolescent limited offenders. correct answers Engage in milder forms of anti-sociality (e.g.,
promiscuity, vandalism, substance abuse) that start at puberty and end in late adolescence or
early adulthood.
Embodied capital. correct answers Refers to intrinsic abilities such as health, skills, strength,
speed, attractiveness, and so forth, which translate into enhanced reproductive fitness.
Polymorphism. correct answers Biological term that refers to a situation where alternative
versions of a discrete trait exist naturally in a given species. For example, a polymorphism exists
for eye colour (e.g., blue eyes, brown eyes, green eyes) and blood type—A, B, AB, O). The
contrasting forms are called morphs.
Psychopathy evolutionary explanation of criminal behaviour. correct answers Psychopaths are
distinct from life course persistent offenders because they do not suffer from low embodied
capital and thus are not competitively disadvantaged in a reproductive sense.
TLDR: if there's nothing "wrong" with psychopaths their behaviour must have been adaptive in
some way.
Evolutionary vs. social learning theory differences correct answers Evolution - focuses on the
learning environment of the entire species whereas
Social learning theories - focus on the learning environment of an individual.
Why the biology perspective is just as much about the environment as it is biology. correct
answers Environmental effects can result in biological effects. Example - a mother drinking
during pregnancy.
Genetic explanation of crime. correct answers The gene-crime link is most likely not a direct
conduit but rather a function of the mediational effects of inherited characteristics that predispose
an individual to antisocial behaviour (e.g., lower intelligence, impulsivity, Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder). It is clear that there is a genetic link, but we don't know what genes are
involved.
Neurochemistry's influence on crime. correct answers A number of studies have explored
whether or not certain types of hormones (e.g., testosterone) and neurotransmitters (e.g.,
serotonin) are linked to criminal behaviour.
Four hormones that are thought to effect criminal behaviour. correct answers Testosterone,
serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
Psychophysiology theory. correct answers Uses physiology to explain psychological constructs.
Gray's arousal model. correct answers Personality, learning, motivation, and emotional responses
are largely governed by two underlying biological systems of autonomic arousal: the behavioural
activation system (BAS) and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS).
General evolutionary theory of crime. correct answers Recurring conflict (over resources, mates,
or offspring, for example) drove the selection pressures that shaped evolutionary adaptations,
manifesting in a wide range of antisocial behaviours including violence (rape, homicide) and
non-violent offences (sexual harassment, theft)
Life history theory. correct answers Used to explain risk-taking and antisocial behaviour among
two prominent offender groups: the life-course persistent offender and the adolescent limited
offender.
3 "trade-offs" in life history theory. correct answers (1) present vs. future reproduction efforts.
(2) quantity vs. quality of offspring.
, (3) mating effort vs. parental investment.
Life course persistent offenders. correct answers Begin committing various serious, antisocial
acts prior to adolescence and continue well into adulthood.
Adolescent limited offenders. correct answers Engage in milder forms of anti-sociality (e.g.,
promiscuity, vandalism, substance abuse) that start at puberty and end in late adolescence or
early adulthood.
Embodied capital. correct answers Refers to intrinsic abilities such as health, skills, strength,
speed, attractiveness, and so forth, which translate into enhanced reproductive fitness.
Polymorphism. correct answers Biological term that refers to a situation where alternative
versions of a discrete trait exist naturally in a given species. For example, a polymorphism exists
for eye colour (e.g., blue eyes, brown eyes, green eyes) and blood type—A, B, AB, O). The
contrasting forms are called morphs.
Psychopathy evolutionary explanation of criminal behaviour. correct answers Psychopaths are
distinct from life course persistent offenders because they do not suffer from low embodied
capital and thus are not competitively disadvantaged in a reproductive sense.
TLDR: if there's nothing "wrong" with psychopaths their behaviour must have been adaptive in
some way.
Evolutionary vs. social learning theory differences correct answers Evolution - focuses on the
learning environment of the entire species whereas
Social learning theories - focus on the learning environment of an individual.
Why the biology perspective is just as much about the environment as it is biology. correct
answers Environmental effects can result in biological effects. Example - a mother drinking
during pregnancy.
