MIMG 185 Midterm 1 || A+ Verified Already.
Week 0 correct answers
What are physiologic barriers? correct answers - Temperature, pH, oxygen tension, soluble
factors
What are soluble factors? correct answers - Lysosyme, interferons, complement
What do Lysosymes do? correct answers - Found in mucous, cleaves bacterial peptidoglycans
What do interferons do? correct answers - Antiviral effects, produced by infected cells
What are the complement? correct answers - Series of proteins that form a cascade on exposure
to sialic acid, leading to bacterial lysis
Which immune cells go through phagocytosis? correct answers - Monocytes, macrophages,
neutrophils
How does Phagocytosis works? correct answers - Engulfs particles/organisms via receptors,
degrades them in lysosomes
- Receptor is nonspecific
What does the receptor for Phagocytosis bind on bacteria? correct answers - Receptor binds
lipopolysaccharides
Which cells go through endocytosis? correct answers - All cells
- How cells bring fluids and nutrients (macromolecules) into their insides
,What is the inflammatory response? correct answers - Vasodilation causing increase in blood
vessel diameter
- Increase in capillary permeability
- Exudates (plasma proteins) released
- Influx of phagocytic cells from blood into tissue
What is the process in which phagocytic cells reaches site of infection to cause inflammation?
correct answers - Margination - adherence to capillary wall
- Extravasation - exit from capillary
- Chemotaxis - migrations towards area of inflammation
What are the soluble mediators involved in inflammation? correct answers - Acute phase
proteins, Histamine, Kinins
What do Acute phase proteins do? correct answers - Released by the liver, binds polysaccharides,
initiate complement cascade
What do Histamines do? correct answers - Released from injury, stimulate vasodilation
What do Kinins do? correct answers - Released following injury, stimulates vasodilation,
stimulate pain receptors in skin
What are the receptors involved in innate immunity used for and where do they come from?
Give an example correct answers - To discriminate between pathogens and self
- Uses germline-encoded receptors that recognize patterns
- Toll-like receptors (TLR): binding of these receptors activates the innate cell
What is Acquired Immunity and what can it detect? correct answers - Adaptive immunity,
specific
,- Anamnestic response: memory response - more rapid and stronger responses the 2nd time
- Detects subtle changes in protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
* Innate response would not differentiate between two different bacteria, but acquired will
How is acquired response specific? correct answers - Must detect self versus non-self
- Must differentiate forms of non-self
What are Antigens (Ag) and what molecules do the immune response responds to? correct
answers - Antigen: molecule or structure against which the immune response is directed to
- Immune response only sees bio-organic molecule, would not see glass or a coke bottle
What can alter the antigenic university? correct answers - Mutations causing genetic change can
rapidly alter Ags on pathogens
What are the main players in acquired immunity and what do they have? correct answers - Key
players: lymphocytes B and T cells
- They have receptors for antigens and are able to distinguish self from non-self
- Receptors help remove Ag from the body
What is found on the B cell receptor? correct answers - B cell receptor are Antibodies (Ab)
- Abs can be found on the cell surface or in secreted forms (in blood/lymph) --> able to bind
antigen at a site away from the cell
What is found on the T cell receptor (TCR)? correct answers - Only found on the T cell surface
- Receptor that is never secreted so cannot respond to antigens away from it
- TCR binds antigen on surface of other cells and cell surface proteins
What is the Clonal Selection Theory for Antibody production? correct answers - Only a
particular B cell makes a particular Antibody
, - Each cell produces Abs of a single specificity
- Ab is displayed on cell surface
- Specificity of Ab is generated randomly
- Any cell making self-reactive Abs is eliminated
What is Clonal Expansion and how does it occur? correct answers - Cells (Mature B cells)
reacting to antigen and proliferates (clonal expansion)
- When cells proliferate, some become plasma cells and others become memory cells
What are plasma cells? correct answers - Cells that become Ab producers
What are memory cells? correct answers - Cells that become long lived
How are antibodies made, are they inherited from the parents or do you make the gene urself?
correct answers - You do not inherit antibodies from parents
- You make the gene yourself
What are the ways of generating diversity? correct answers 1. Multiple genes encode different
proteins with different specifities
2. Multiple gene segments which can differentially combine
3. Different junctional joining of gene segments, changing triplet codons
4. Somatic (body) mutation events during proliferation
Where are the immune system cells generated from? correct answers - Bone marrow stem cells
What are the primary lymphoid tissues and what do they generate? correct answers - Bone
marrow: Generates B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes
- Thymus: Generates T cells --> precursors are made in the bone marrow and then move to
Thymus to become T cells
Week 0 correct answers
What are physiologic barriers? correct answers - Temperature, pH, oxygen tension, soluble
factors
What are soluble factors? correct answers - Lysosyme, interferons, complement
What do Lysosymes do? correct answers - Found in mucous, cleaves bacterial peptidoglycans
What do interferons do? correct answers - Antiviral effects, produced by infected cells
What are the complement? correct answers - Series of proteins that form a cascade on exposure
to sialic acid, leading to bacterial lysis
Which immune cells go through phagocytosis? correct answers - Monocytes, macrophages,
neutrophils
How does Phagocytosis works? correct answers - Engulfs particles/organisms via receptors,
degrades them in lysosomes
- Receptor is nonspecific
What does the receptor for Phagocytosis bind on bacteria? correct answers - Receptor binds
lipopolysaccharides
Which cells go through endocytosis? correct answers - All cells
- How cells bring fluids and nutrients (macromolecules) into their insides
,What is the inflammatory response? correct answers - Vasodilation causing increase in blood
vessel diameter
- Increase in capillary permeability
- Exudates (plasma proteins) released
- Influx of phagocytic cells from blood into tissue
What is the process in which phagocytic cells reaches site of infection to cause inflammation?
correct answers - Margination - adherence to capillary wall
- Extravasation - exit from capillary
- Chemotaxis - migrations towards area of inflammation
What are the soluble mediators involved in inflammation? correct answers - Acute phase
proteins, Histamine, Kinins
What do Acute phase proteins do? correct answers - Released by the liver, binds polysaccharides,
initiate complement cascade
What do Histamines do? correct answers - Released from injury, stimulate vasodilation
What do Kinins do? correct answers - Released following injury, stimulates vasodilation,
stimulate pain receptors in skin
What are the receptors involved in innate immunity used for and where do they come from?
Give an example correct answers - To discriminate between pathogens and self
- Uses germline-encoded receptors that recognize patterns
- Toll-like receptors (TLR): binding of these receptors activates the innate cell
What is Acquired Immunity and what can it detect? correct answers - Adaptive immunity,
specific
,- Anamnestic response: memory response - more rapid and stronger responses the 2nd time
- Detects subtle changes in protein, carbohydrates, and lipids
* Innate response would not differentiate between two different bacteria, but acquired will
How is acquired response specific? correct answers - Must detect self versus non-self
- Must differentiate forms of non-self
What are Antigens (Ag) and what molecules do the immune response responds to? correct
answers - Antigen: molecule or structure against which the immune response is directed to
- Immune response only sees bio-organic molecule, would not see glass or a coke bottle
What can alter the antigenic university? correct answers - Mutations causing genetic change can
rapidly alter Ags on pathogens
What are the main players in acquired immunity and what do they have? correct answers - Key
players: lymphocytes B and T cells
- They have receptors for antigens and are able to distinguish self from non-self
- Receptors help remove Ag from the body
What is found on the B cell receptor? correct answers - B cell receptor are Antibodies (Ab)
- Abs can be found on the cell surface or in secreted forms (in blood/lymph) --> able to bind
antigen at a site away from the cell
What is found on the T cell receptor (TCR)? correct answers - Only found on the T cell surface
- Receptor that is never secreted so cannot respond to antigens away from it
- TCR binds antigen on surface of other cells and cell surface proteins
What is the Clonal Selection Theory for Antibody production? correct answers - Only a
particular B cell makes a particular Antibody
, - Each cell produces Abs of a single specificity
- Ab is displayed on cell surface
- Specificity of Ab is generated randomly
- Any cell making self-reactive Abs is eliminated
What is Clonal Expansion and how does it occur? correct answers - Cells (Mature B cells)
reacting to antigen and proliferates (clonal expansion)
- When cells proliferate, some become plasma cells and others become memory cells
What are plasma cells? correct answers - Cells that become Ab producers
What are memory cells? correct answers - Cells that become long lived
How are antibodies made, are they inherited from the parents or do you make the gene urself?
correct answers - You do not inherit antibodies from parents
- You make the gene yourself
What are the ways of generating diversity? correct answers 1. Multiple genes encode different
proteins with different specifities
2. Multiple gene segments which can differentially combine
3. Different junctional joining of gene segments, changing triplet codons
4. Somatic (body) mutation events during proliferation
Where are the immune system cells generated from? correct answers - Bone marrow stem cells
What are the primary lymphoid tissues and what do they generate? correct answers - Bone
marrow: Generates B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes
- Thymus: Generates T cells --> precursors are made in the bone marrow and then move to
Thymus to become T cells
