Animal physiology summary
Physiology = functions & activity of living matter and the physical and chemical phenomena involved
Animal physiology: how does an animal function and deal with a changing environment?
Biochemical machine or dependent on environment?
Acute changes = short term changes in animal, soon after environment changed
Chronic changes = acclimation = long term changes, later after environment changed
Evolutionary changes = adaption = alternation in genes, non-reversable
L1 osmosis & osmoregulation
Osmoregulation = hydromineral regulation = processes that regulate the water and ion balance in an
organism or cell
osmolarity = concentration of osmotically active particles per LITRE of water, in osmoles
osmolality = concentration of osmotically active particles per KG of water, in osmoles
diffusion = random movement of particles as result of their thermal energy
ΔC
J=D × with: J = net diffusion speed; dC/X = concentration gradient over distance X;
X
D = diffusion constant
Osmosis = diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Solution is hypoosmotic to cell -> swell/explode solution is hyperosmotic to cell -> shrink
n
Water movement is measurable = osmotic pressure = π=R ∙ T ∙( ) with R = gas constant;
V
T = Temperature (K); n/V = particles (mol) per volume (m3)
osmotic pressure is then the difference in pi between outside/inside (inside – outside)
Osmotic gradient contains energy
Isosmotic = similar osmotic pressure -> defined by concentrations of osmotically active particles
Isotonic = when cell does not change its volume in certain solution -> defined by membrane
Hyper = higher concentration, water comes
Hypo = lower concentration, water leaves
Consequences of hypertonicity (in seawater)
Decrease in cell volume -> macromolecular crowding -> aggregation & accumulation
Disruption of protein function -> folding errors
Most of osmoregulation happens in interstitial fluid & blood
, Osmolarity (mOsmol)
Seawater 1000
Marine invertebrate 1200
Marine telost (fish) 337
Marine elasmoblast (shark) 1075
Fresh water <20
Freshwater vertebrate 293
Terrestrial vertebrate 275-300
Water balance:
Isosmotic extracellular fluid (ECF): no issues
Hyperregulator = ECF higher than environment (freshwater): unwanted water uptake
Hyporegulator = ECF lower than environment (marine): unwanted water loss
keep inner balance stable follow outer pressure
Physiology = functions & activity of living matter and the physical and chemical phenomena involved
Animal physiology: how does an animal function and deal with a changing environment?
Biochemical machine or dependent on environment?
Acute changes = short term changes in animal, soon after environment changed
Chronic changes = acclimation = long term changes, later after environment changed
Evolutionary changes = adaption = alternation in genes, non-reversable
L1 osmosis & osmoregulation
Osmoregulation = hydromineral regulation = processes that regulate the water and ion balance in an
organism or cell
osmolarity = concentration of osmotically active particles per LITRE of water, in osmoles
osmolality = concentration of osmotically active particles per KG of water, in osmoles
diffusion = random movement of particles as result of their thermal energy
ΔC
J=D × with: J = net diffusion speed; dC/X = concentration gradient over distance X;
X
D = diffusion constant
Osmosis = diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Solution is hypoosmotic to cell -> swell/explode solution is hyperosmotic to cell -> shrink
n
Water movement is measurable = osmotic pressure = π=R ∙ T ∙( ) with R = gas constant;
V
T = Temperature (K); n/V = particles (mol) per volume (m3)
osmotic pressure is then the difference in pi between outside/inside (inside – outside)
Osmotic gradient contains energy
Isosmotic = similar osmotic pressure -> defined by concentrations of osmotically active particles
Isotonic = when cell does not change its volume in certain solution -> defined by membrane
Hyper = higher concentration, water comes
Hypo = lower concentration, water leaves
Consequences of hypertonicity (in seawater)
Decrease in cell volume -> macromolecular crowding -> aggregation & accumulation
Disruption of protein function -> folding errors
Most of osmoregulation happens in interstitial fluid & blood
, Osmolarity (mOsmol)
Seawater 1000
Marine invertebrate 1200
Marine telost (fish) 337
Marine elasmoblast (shark) 1075
Fresh water <20
Freshwater vertebrate 293
Terrestrial vertebrate 275-300
Water balance:
Isosmotic extracellular fluid (ECF): no issues
Hyperregulator = ECF higher than environment (freshwater): unwanted water uptake
Hyporegulator = ECF lower than environment (marine): unwanted water loss
keep inner balance stable follow outer pressure
